Change your mindset, change the game | Dr. Alia Crum | TEDxTraverseCity · TEDx Talks
Dr. Alia Crum通过科学实验揭示心态对身体和生活的影响，适合练习英语听力与理解，提升对心理与健康话题的表达能力。
Transcriber: Queenie Lee Reviewer: Peter van de Ven So today, I'm going to talk about how our mindsets matter in virtually every facet of our lives.
转录者：Queenie Lee 审稿人：Peter van de Ven 那么，今天我要谈谈我们的思维方式在我们生活的几乎所有方面都起着至关重要的作用。
But I want to begin by telling a story about a group of researchers in Italy.
不过，我想先讲一个关于意大利一群研究人员的故事。
Dr. Fabrizio Benedetti and his colleagues studied a group of patients undergoing thoracic surgery.
法布里齐奥·贝内代蒂博士（Dr. Fabrizio Benedetti）和他的同事们研究了一组正在接受胸部手术的患者。
What you should know about thoracic surgery is that it's a very invasive procedure.
关于胸外科手术，你需要了解的是：这是一种侵入性很强的医疗手段。
Patients are put under anesthesia while the
患者在手术过程中会被麻醉。
surgeons make major incisions into the muscles of the sides and the back in order to gain access to their hearts and to their lungs.
外科医生需要在患者身体两侧及背部的肌肉上切开较大的切口，以便能够接触到患者的心脏和肺部。
Now, about an hour after the anesthesia fades away, the pain starts to set in.
现在，麻醉效果消退大约一个小时后，疼痛开始出现了。
Fortunately, patients are given strong doses of morphine sulfate, a powerful painkiller.
幸运的是，患者会被给予大剂量的硫酸吗啡——这是一种效力很强的止痛药。
This is routine treatment for thoracic surgery, but Dr. Benedetti and his colleagues made a few subtle tweaks:
这是胸外科手术中的常规治疗方法，但贝内代蒂医生和他的同事们对手术流程做了一些细微的调整。
half of the patients were given the
一半的患者接受了……（具体治疗内容未在原文中提及）。
dose of morphine by a doctor at their bedside; the other half was given the exact same dose of morphine,
其中一半人在医生床边接受了吗啡注射；另一半人也接受了完全相同剂量的吗啡注射。
but it was administered into their IV by a pre-programmed pump.
但是这种药物是通过一个预先设定好程序的输液泵被注入他们的静脉中的。
You would think that both of these groups of patients would experience the same relief, but this was not the case.
你可能会认为这两组患者都会感受到同样的缓解效果，但事实并非如此。
The group that received the morphine by the doctor reported significant reductions in their pain levels.
那些通过医生接受了吗啡治疗的患者报告称，他们的疼痛程度显著减轻了。
The other group - the group who
另一个群体——就是那个……
received the same exact amount of morphine but wasn't aware of it - they didn't seem to experience the same benefit.
他们接受了完全相同剂量的吗啡，但却并不知情；显然，他们并没有从中获得同样的益处（或：并没有感受到同样的治疗效果）。
So Dr. Benedetti and his colleagues didn't stop there.
因此，贝内代蒂博士和他的同事们并没有就此止步。
They used the same procedure to test the effectiveness of other treatments - treatments for anxiety, treatments for Parkinson's disease,
他们使用相同的实验方法来测试其他治疗方法的有效性，包括用于治疗焦虑症的方法以及用于治疗帕金森病的方法。
treatments for hypertension.
高血压的治疗方法。
What they found was remarkable and consistent.
他们的发现非常惊人，且具有高度的一致性。
When the patients were aware of the treatment and expected to receive the benefit, the treatment was highly effective.
当患者了解这种治疗方法并期望从中获益时，该治疗方法的效果非常显著。
But when they weren't, that same drug, that same pill, and that same procedure was blunted, and in some cases not even effective at all.
然而，当这些因素不存在时，同一种药物、同一种药片以及同一种治疗方法的效果就会大打折扣；在某些情况下，甚至完全无效。
So I read about these studies when I was a student at Harvard University, and at the time,
我在哈佛大学读书的时候读到了这些研究的相关资料。当时，
I was heavily immersed into the literature on the placebo effect.
我深入研究了关于“安慰剂效应”的相关文献。
And the more I read, the more I started thinking about the true nature of placebos.
我读得越多，就越开始思考安慰剂的真正本质。
So what is the placebo effect really?
那么，安慰剂效应到底是什么呢？
Well, most people discount the placebo effect as just some magical response to some fake pill or some faux procedure,
嗯，大多数人认为“安慰剂效应”只是人们对假药或虚假治疗手段所产生的某种“神奇反应”罢了。
but that's not what the placebo effect is.
但安慰剂效应的本质并非如此。
The placebo effect is not about the faux pill, or the sugar pill, or the fake procedure.
安慰剂效应”其实与那些假药、含糖的安慰剂颗粒，或是虚假的医疗程序本身并无直接关系。
What the placebo effect really is, is a powerful, robust and consistent demonstration of the ability of our mindsets - in this case,
所谓的“安慰剂效应”，实际上是一种强有力的、可靠且具有普遍性的现象，它证明了我们思维模式（在这种情况下）所具有的影响力。
the expectation to heal, to recruit healing properties in the body.
人们期望身体能够自我康复，或者相信身体内部存在某种具有治愈作用的机制（即身体本身具备自我修复的能力）。
So what is a mindset?
那么，什么是“心态”（mindset）呢？
A mindset is quite literally a setting of the mind, it's a lens or a frame of mind through which we view the world,
所谓“思维模式”，其实就是我们看待世界的方式或视角——它就像是一副“眼镜”或一个“框架”，通过它来过滤和理解我们所接收到的一切信息。
we simplify the infinite number of potential interpretations at any given moment.
在任何给定时刻，我们都会将那些无数种可能的解释方式简化下来。
Now, the ability to simplify our world through our mindsets is a natural part of being human.
通过我们的思维方式来简化这个世界，这是人类天性中的一部分。
But what I want to suggest to you today is that these mindsets are not inconsequential, and instead,
但我今天想向你们提出的观点是：这些思维方式并非毫无影响；相反，它们对我们的行为和决策有着重要的影响。
they play a dramatic role in determining our health and our well-being.
它们在决定我们的健康和福祉方面起着至关重要的作用。
So while I was at Harvard, I had the opportunity to work with Professor Ellen Langer.
我在哈佛大学就读期间，有机会与艾伦·兰格（Ellen Langer）教授一起合作。
She is a professor of psychology and when she heard that I was also a division one athlete,
她是一位心理学教授。当她得知我也是一名一级运动员时……
laughed at me.
他们嘲笑我。