Why was India Partitioned? (Short Animated Documentary) · History Matters
本视频简要讲述印度独立后分裂为印度和巴基斯坦的原因，分析英国殖民政策、宗教矛盾及政治博弈。适合练习历史、政治和文化话题。
By the end of the Second World War, it was clear to many in Britain that Indian independence was inevitable.
第二次世界大战结束时，英国的许多人已经清楚地认识到：印度的独立是不可避免的。
A notable exception being Winston Churchill, who wanted India to remain a British dominion at all costs and for all time.
一个值得注意的例外是温斯顿·丘吉尔——他坚决主张印度应永远作为英国的殖民地存在下去。
But since he had just been voted out of office, no one really cared what he thought anymore.
但由于他刚刚被投票罢免，因此再也没有人真正关心他的想法了。
He was replaced by Clement Attley, who was sympathetic to Indian independence,
他的职位由克莱门特·阿特利接替，后者支持印度的独立事业。
and so as Prime Minister, he began the process that would lead to it.
因此，作为首相，他启动了这一进程，最终实现了目标。
Of course, there's one thing you'll have noticed about British India before and after independence.
当然，在英属印度独立前后，你肯定注意到了一个显著的变化。
It was partitioned.
它被分成了几个部分。
The question is, why?
问题是，为什么呢？
Now, before continuing, it's important to clear up some common misconceptions.
在继续之前，有必要澄清一些常见的误解。
The first is that Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, was not a part of British India, although it did achieve independence at the same time.
首先，锡兰（即现在的斯里兰卡）并不属于英属印度的一部分，尽管它与英属印度同时获得了独立。
The second is that Burma had previously been a part of British India, but was by the end of the Second World War administered separately.
第二点是：缅甸此前曾是英属印度的一部分，但在第二次世界大战结束时被单独管理起来。
The third thing to make clear is that Britain didn't rule all of India directly.
需要明确第三点是：英国并没有直接统治整个印度。
Some of it was ruled by Indian princes, like in Hyderabad.
其中一些地区由印度王子统治，比如海得拉巴。
So, British India was incredibly diverse and was home to many people's languages and religions.
因此，英属印度是一个极其多元化的地区，这里汇聚了众多民族的语言和宗教信仰。
Although, frankly, this was mostly lost on the British who largely tore everyone as being under one category,
不过说实话，大多数英国人并没有真正理解这一点；他们倾向于将所有人归为同一类。
hours.
小时。
There were many of these peoples calling for independence from Britain, but very few were pro -partition.
有许多这样的民族呼吁从英国独立，但只有极少数人支持将他们的领土分割给其他国家。
The British viceroy in India in 1947 was Lord Mount Battan, who, alongside Attley,
1947年，英国在印度的总督是蒙特·巴坦勋爵（Lord Mount Battan）。他与阿特利（Attley）一同……
wanted an independent India to remain united so it would make a stronger ally in the Cold War.
他们希望一个独立的印度能够保持统一，这样在冷战时期印度就能成为一个更强大的盟友。
The pro -independence Indian National Congress was opposed to division since they felt it would weaken India.
支持独立的印度国民大会党反对印度的分裂，因为他们认为分裂会削弱印度的实力。
The main proponents of partition were the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
主张分裂的主要力量是穆斯林联盟（Muslim League），其领袖为穆罕默德·阿里·真纳（Muhammad Ali Jinnah）。
Jinnah believed that since an independent India would be overwhelmingly Hindu, the rights and needs of the country's Muslim minority would be trampled on.
真纳认为，既然独立的印度将主要由印度教徒主导，那么该国穆斯林少数群体的权利和需求必然会受到侵犯。
Last to him, it was necessary for the creation of an independent Muslim state called Pakistan.
在他之后，人们开始努力创建一个独立的穆斯林国家——巴基斯坦。
In case you're wondering, the name Pakistan is a sort of acronym made up of the majority Muslim states in North -West India.
如果你想知道的话，巴基斯坦这个名字其实是一个缩写，它代表了印度西北部那些以穆斯林为主体的地区。
Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Indus, Sindh and the Tan come from Baluchistan.
旁遮普、阿富汗、克什米尔、印度河、信德以及塔恩河（Tan River）都发源于俾路支斯坦。
Tensions continue to rise throughout India as demands for independence and also for an independent Muslim state continue to grow.
印度全国的紧张局势持续升级，人们对独立的要求以及建立独立穆斯林国家的呼声也在不断高涨。
After winning an India -wide election, the
在赢得全国范围内的选举后，
Indian National Congress largely refused to negotiate with the Muslim League and the British were mostly looking to keep their hands clean at this stage.
印度国民大会基本上拒绝与穆斯林联盟进行谈判；而英国方面在这个阶段则大多选择保持中立，不介入双方的争端。
As violence continued to break out, no
随着暴力事件持续发生，没有人能够阻止这一切。
one was able to keep the idea of a united India alive and so in the end the inevitable was agreed to.
人们成功地将“一个统一的印度”的理念延续了下来，最终各方也同意了那个不可避免的结果。
Upon its independence, India was to be partitioned into at least two countries.
印度独立后，至少会被划分为两个国家。
As such, the reasons for Indian partition are quite clear.
因此，印度分裂的原因相当明确。
It was the desire of the Muslim
这是穆斯林的愿望。
minority within India to have control over its own affairs and a fear that their rights wouldn't be protected that divided the subcontinent.
印度境内存在这样一些少数群体：他们无法自主管理自己的事务，且担心自己的权利得不到保障；这种担忧加剧了该次大陆的分裂。
So now that the why has been established, our attention should turn to the how.
既然已经阐明了“为什么”的原因，我们的注意力就应该转向“如何”来实现这一目标。
Because one of the most controversial things about partition was how the new nation's borders were drawn.
关于印巴分治，最具争议的问题之一就是新成立的国家的边界是如何划定的。
The task fell to the British and Lord Mountbatten and it was decided that all of the states within India were to have three options.
这项任务由英国方面负责，具体由蒙巴顿勋爵牵头执行。最终决定：印度境内的所有邦/地区都将面临三种选择（即三种不同的处理方案）。
Join India, join Pakistan or to become independent states.
要么加入印度，要么加入巴基斯坦；要么成为独立的国家。
Most opted for the first two but some states, most notably Hyderabad and Kashmir, wish to be independent.
大多数人选择了前两种选项；但有些地区（尤其是海得拉巴和克什米尔）希望实现独立。
The districts of Bengal and Punjab were
孟加拉邦和旁遮普邦的各个地区分别是……