ATP Synthase Explained | Oxidative Phosphorylation Animation for CSIR NET & Life Science Exams · Viologia Animations
本视频详细讲解ATP合成酶的结构和工作原理,适合准备CSIR NET、生命科学考试的学员练习分子机制和能量转换相关知识点。
The
(The 为占位符,实际内容需要根据上下文填充。)
mitochondrial ATP synthase complex consists of two large structural components,
线粒体ATP合成酶复合体由两个大型结构成分组成。
F1 which encodes catalytic activity and F0, which functions as a proton channel crossing the inner mitochondrial membrane.
F1 蛋白负责催化相关反应;而 F0 蛋白则充当质子通道,允许质子穿过线粒体的内膜。
In yeast, the mitochondrial F1 component consists of three alpha subunits, three beta subunits,
在酵母中,线粒体F1复合物的组成部分包括三个α亚基和三个β亚基。
and one each of gamma, delta, epsilon, and OSP subunits.
此外,还各包含一个 γ(伽马)、δ(德尔塔)、ε(艾普西隆)以及 OSP(OSP)亚基。
The F0 component in yeast contains one A subunit, two B subunits, and ten C subunits.
酵母中的 F0 组分包含一个 A 亚基、两个 B 亚基以及十个 C 亚基。
It's useful to think of the ATP synthase complex as three functional units.
将 ATP 合成酶复合体视为三个独立的功能单元来理解,会更有帮助。
The rotor, made up of gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits and the C subunit ring,
转子由 γ、δ 和 ε 亚基以及 C 亚基环组成。
rotates as a single unit.
作为一个整体进行旋转。
The catalytic headpiece, containing a hexameric arrangement of three alpha and three beta subunits,
这种催化性头饰包含由三个α亚基和三个β亚基组成的六聚体结构。
synthesizes ATP.
合成 ATP(三磷酸腺苷)。
And the stator, which consists of the A subunit embedded in the membrane,
定子由嵌入膜中的 A 亚基组成。
and an immobile stabilizing arm, made of the B, D, H, and OSP subunits.
此外,还有一根用于稳定结构的固定臂,该臂由 B、D、H 和 OSP 这些亚基组成。
The F1 components beta subunits each contain a catalytic site that can catalyze a formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
F1 赛车相关组件的 β 亚基各自包含一个催化位点,该位点能够催化 ADP 与无机磷酸盐反应生成 ATP 的过程。
At any given time, each catalytic site is in a different conformation and has a different affinity for ATP.
在任何给定时刻,每个催化位点都处于不同的构象状态,并且对 ATP 的亲和力也各不相同。
This results in one site generally being empty, called the open conformation,
这样一来,通常会有一个结构处于空态(即没有特定分子排列的状态),这种状态被称为“开放构象”。
one occupied by ADP and inorganic phosphate, called the loose conformation, and the last one, referred to as the tight conformation being occupied by ATP.
其中一种构象被 ADP 和无机磷酸盐占据,被称为“松散构象”;另一种构象则被 ATP 占据,被称为“紧密构象”。
The rotation of the gamma subunit causes the changing conformation in the beta subunits.
伽马亚基的旋转会导致β亚基的构象发生变化。
As the gamma subunit rotates in a clockwise direction, the beta subunits undergo sequential conformational changes, each going from loose to tight to open conformations.
当伽马亚基以顺时针方向旋转时,贝塔亚基会依次发生构象变化:每个亚基的构象会从“松散”状态逐渐变为“紧密”状态,最终变为“开放”状态。
Note that when viewed from the matrix, the gamma subunit of the intact complex appears to rotate in a counterclockwise direction.
请注意:从矩阵的角度来看,完整复合体中的 γ 亚基似乎是逆时针方向旋转的。
In the yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase, each
在酵母线粒体的ATP合成酶中,每个……(原句“each”后缺少具体所指的对象或成分,因此此处保留了空缺)
120 -degree turn of the gamma subunit is powered by the movement of approximately three protons through the F0 subunit.
伽马亚基(gamma subunit)发生120度旋转的过程,是由大约三个质子穿过F0亚基(F0 subunit)时所产生的能量驱动的。
How does proton movement cause rotation of the gamma subunit?
质子的运动是如何导致伽马亚基(gamma subunit)旋转的?
The two -channel model proposes that the
该双通道模型提出:
A subunit contains two half -channels that provide access to the C subunit ring from either the intermembrane space or the mitochondrial matrix.
一个亚基包含两个半通道(half-channels),这些半通道可以从膜间隙(intermembrane space)或线粒体基质(mitochondrial matrix)两个方向为C亚基的环结构提供通路(即允许物质通过这些半通道进入C亚基的环结构)。
According to this model, a proton from the intermembrane space, where proton concentrations are highest,
根据这一模型,质子来自膜间隙(该区域的质子浓度最高)。
first enters the half -channel.
首先进入的是半通道(half-channel)。
The proton then comes in contact with a negatively charged aspartate 59 residue in the C subunit.
随后,质子与 C 亚基中带负电的天冬氨酸 59 残基发生接触。
The proton neutralizes the negative charge, allowing the C subunit ring to rotate in a clockwise direction when viewed from the intermembrane space.
质子中和了该负电荷,从而使 C 亚基环在从膜间隙观察时能够顺时针方向旋转。
On the other side of the C ring,
在C环的另一侧,
a proton bound to an aspartate 59
一个质子与天冬氨酸(Aspartate)第59位氨基酸结合在一起
of a different C subunit gains access to the second half -channel and enters the mitochondrial matrix where proton concentrations are low.
另一个不同的 C 亚基能够进入该通道的“后半部分”,并进入线粒体基质;在线粒体基质中,质子的浓度较低。
Using this extraordinary protein machine, cells are able to harness the energy of a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.
借助这种极其特殊的“蛋白质机器”,细胞能够利用质子梯度所蕴含的能量来驱动 ATP 的合成过程。