The Romanian Revolution: Explained (Short Animated Documentary) · History Matters
本视频解析1989年罗马尼亚革命的背景、过程及原因。适合练习历史事件描述和政治话题表达。
1989 was not a great year for communism.
1989年对共产主义来说并非一个好年份。
All across the East and block, the Communist Outer Empire collapsed suddenly under a wave of nationalism,
在整个东方地区，共产主义“外帝国”突然在民族主义浪潮的冲击下崩溃了。
economic grievance, and a sympathy for the Western way of life.
经济上的不满情绪，以及对西方生活方式的认同与同情。
Romania, or officially the Socialist Republic of Romania, was not spared this revolution.
罗马尼亚（正式名称为罗马尼亚社会主义共和国）也未能幸免于这场革命的影响。
And in 1989, it saw the collapse of the regime there under the leadership of Nikolai Ceausescu.
1989年，尼古拉·齐奥塞斯库领导的政权在该地区垮台了。
Now, despite being part of the Communist block and for all intents and purposes of Soviet puppet state,
尽管该国属于共产主义阵营，实际上也完全是一个苏联的傀儡国家，
Romania was a slightly different case.
罗马尼亚的情况略有不同。
You see, it had a much greater degree of independence from the Soviet Union than, say, Poland or Bulgaria.
你看，该国在独立性方面远远超过苏联的掌控范围；相比之下，波兰或保加利亚的独立性就要弱得多。
This was down to the policy of national communism which spoke of how Romania was historically unified by fighting against foreign invaders.
这归因于“国家共产主义”政策——该政策强调罗马尼亚在历史上是通过反抗外国侵略者而实现统一的。
This made the Soviet Union nervous since they expected that any intervention would be very costly in terms of lives.
这令苏联感到非常不安，因为他们预计任何形式的干预都将会付出沉重的代价（即导致大量人员伤亡）。
Also, to make things worse, Ceausescu laid claim to the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic as a rightful part of Romania.
更糟糕的是，齐奥塞斯库声称摩尔达维亚苏维埃社会主义共和国是罗马尼亚的合法领土。
Now, the USSR never did anything because one, Romania developed extremely good relations with the US and the USSR didn't want a major international incident again,
事实上，苏联当时并未采取任何行动。原因有二：其一，罗马尼亚与美国建立了非常良好的关系；其二，苏联不希望再次发生重大的国际事件。
and two, communism in Romania wasn't actually under threat, and so the USSR assumed that it simply needed to outlive Ceausescu for relations to be restored.
其次，罗马尼亚的共产主义制度实际上并未受到威胁；因此苏联认为，只要能够等到齐奥塞斯库下台，两国关系就能恢复正常。
This political semi -separation from the USSR didn't stop the tide of anti -communist feeling, and sure enough,
这种与苏联的政治上的“半分离”状态并未阻止反共产主义情绪的蔓延；果然，
it swept across Romania too.
它也席卷了罗马尼亚。
Much of it was down to declining living standards throughout the 1980s,
这在很大程度上是由于整个20世纪80年代生活水平持续下降所导致的。
which was caused by Ceausescu tightening the purse strings after the country had racked up immense debts in the 70s.
这种情况的根源在于：70年代该国积累了巨额债务后，齐奥塞斯库开始严格控制财政支出（即削减政府开支）。
As revolutions swept across the Eastern Bloc,
当革命浪潮席卷东欧集团时……
many communist leaders recognised eventually that the game was up and they implemented a period of transition to democratic capitalism.
许多共产主义领导人最终意识到自己已经无法继续坚持原有的路线，于是开始推行向民主资本主义过渡的改革措施。
The two nations which did not do this were Bulgaria and Romania.
没有采取这一行动的两个国家是保加利亚和罗马尼亚。
You see Ceausescu believed he had a way to contain this public discontent, and to do this he had a clever tactic.
你看，齐奥塞斯库认为自己有能力控制这种公众的不满情绪，为此他采取了一个非常巧妙的策略。
Shooting protesters, or specifically having Eleanor, his wife and number two in control of the country, ordering the shooting of dissenters in the city of Timasuara.
向抗议者开枪；更具体地说，是让他的妻子、同时也是国家实际掌权者的埃莉诺下令在蒂马苏阿拉市枪杀那些持不同意见的人。
On December the 21st 1989 Ceausescu gave a speech to a huge crowd of communist supporters in order to announce the protesters.
1989年12月21日，齐奥塞斯库在大量共产主义支持者的面前发表演讲，旨在谴责那些抗议者。
One problem.
一个问题。
Everyone hated him and the crowd started
所有人都讨厌他，人群开始……（后续内容未提供）
to boo him and given that this speech was televised it confirmed to everyone else in the country how unpopular the leadership was.
人们对他报以嘘声；而由于这次演讲是通过电视播出的，这进一步向全国人民证明了该领导层是多么不受欢迎。
Protests soon spread across the country and the next day the Ceausescu fled Bucharest.
抗议活动很快蔓延到了全国各地，第二天齐奥塞斯库便逃离了布加勒斯特。
And immediately after this a provisional government, the National Salvation Front, was formed with Eon Ilescu succeeding Ceausescu as president.
紧接着，一个临时政府——即“国家救赎阵线”——成立了，埃翁·伊莱斯库接替齐奥塞斯库担任总统。
Ilescu was also a communist but he
伊莱斯库也是一名共产主义者，但他……
was critical of Ceausescu in the past and so had been sidelined and thus was distant enough from the regime to get the job.
他过去曾严厉批评齐奥塞斯库，因此被边缘化；由于与政权保持一定的距离，他才得以获得这份工作。
On the 24th of December the Ceausescu's
12月24日，齐奥塞斯库一家……
were captured and handed over to the army and the next day they were put on trial for their past actions.
这些人被抓获并交给了军队，第二天他们因过去的所作所为而受到了审判。
Now this trial didn't have time for silly little things like evidence and lawyers and was frankly little more than a sham.
这次审判根本没时间去理会那些琐碎的细节（比如证据和律师之类的），坦率地说，这不过是一场骗局罢了。
In a verdict that shocked everyone the couple were found guilty and sentenced to spend the rest of their lives in custody.
这一裁决令所有人震惊：这对夫妇被判有罪，必须终身监禁。
Which was literally five minutes because they were actually sentenced to death which was to be carried out immediately.
实际上，整个过程只持续了五分钟；因为他们被判处死刑，而且死刑必须立即执行。
At first Ilescu attempted to maintain a communist government claiming that the people had revolted against Ceausescu but actually liked communism.
起初，伊莱斯库试图维持共产主义政权，声称人民是反抗齐奥塞斯库的，但实际上他们仍然支持共产主义。
This was not an opinion shared by many Romanians and protests and violence continued even after this.
这一观点并未得到许多罗马尼亚人的认同；即便在此之后，抗议活动和暴力事件仍持续不断。
Ilescu conceded and in 1990 he was
伊莱斯库（Ilescu）失球了，1990年，他……（句子似乎不完整，后续内容缺失。）
elected with an overwhelming mandate and he began the process of moving Romania away from communism to a market economy.
他以压倒性的优势当选，并着手推动罗马尼亚从共产主义向市场经济转型。
Romania's revolution is different to the other Eastern European ones in a simple but important way.
罗马尼亚的革命与其他东欧国家的革命有一个简单却非常重要的区别。