Ten Minute History - World War One and International Relations (Short Documentary) · History Matters
本视频讲解一战前欧洲各国之间的紧张关系和潜在冲突，适合练习历史和国际关系相关词汇。
1900 and things in Europe are getting a bit tense.
1900年，欧洲的局势开始变得紧张起来。
Why?
为什么呢？
One reason was that a series of defensive alliances had been drawn up, meaning that the next European war was going to be a doozy.
其中一个原因是，当时已经建立了一系列防御性联盟，这意味着下一场欧洲战争将会非常激烈（或者说后果极其严重）。
To make matters worse, there were several areas of contention that could lead to the outbreak of said war.
更糟糕的是，存在多个可能导致这场战争爆发的争议点。
The first was the ongoing Anglo -German naval arms races, the recently formed German Empire ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II,
首先是持续不断的英德海军军备竞赛：当时新成立的德意志帝国由威廉二世皇帝统治。
sought to build a fleet large enough to challenge the Royal Navy.
他们试图建造一支规模庞大的舰队，以便能够与英国皇家海军抗衡。
The second was French resentment over its loss of Alsace Lorraine to Germany back in 1871.
第二个原因是法国人对1871年阿尔萨斯-洛林地区被德国吞并这一事件的愤恨情绪。
The third was the rivalry between the Austro -Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire for dominance in the Balkans,
第三个问题是奥匈帝国与俄罗斯帝国之间为争夺巴尔干地区主导权而产生的竞争。
and the fourth was the rivalry between Britain and Russia for control over the Middle East.
第四个问题是英国与俄罗斯之间为争夺对中东的控制权而产生的竞争。
Knowing that a major war was potentially on the horizon, you'd think that the great powers of Europe,
既然知道一场大规模战争可能即将爆发，人们或许会认为欧洲的那些强国……
these nations, would act calmly to prevent that.
这些国家会冷静行事，以防止这种情况发生。
But you'd be wrong.
但你会错的。
Over the following decade and a bit, there were several potential sparks for the outbreak of this war.
在接下来的十多年时间里，出现了多次可能导致这场战争爆发的潜在因素。
France and Britain had signed some agreements collectively known as the Entente Cordial, which made them allies in foreign policy,
法国和英国签署了一些协议，这些协议统称为《友好协约》（Entente Cordiale）。根据该协约，两国在外交政策上成为了盟友。
but importantly it wasn't a mutual defence pact.
但重要的是，这并不是一项相互防御的条约。
Soon after this, in 1905 came the first Moroccan crisis in which Wilhelm II gave his support to Moroccan independence,
此后不久，即1905年，第一次摩洛哥危机爆发。在这场危机中，威廉二世表示支持摩洛哥的独立。
which upset the French because they saw it as a part of their sphere of influence.
这令法国人感到不满，因为他们认为该地区属于他们的势力范围。
It was agreed that Morocco would stay under French influence, but with a foreign run police force.
双方同意摩洛哥将继续处于法国的影响之下，不过其警察部队将由外国人员负责管理。
1907 saw Britain and Russia patch things up where they divided the Middle East up between them.
1907年，英国和俄罗斯就此前在中东地区的分歧达成了和解。
Thus, it seemed that things were calming down, but then Austria -Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908 without consulting anyone,
因此，局势似乎正在逐渐平静下来。然而，奥匈帝国却在 1908 年未经任何协商就吞并了波斯尼亚。
which led to Russia getting very annoyed.
这导致俄罗斯非常恼火。
More tensions erupted from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire's European territories.
奥斯曼帝国在欧洲领土的崩溃进一步加剧了地区紧张局势。
This led to the birth of the Balkan states, who by 1913 looked like this.
这导致了巴尔干各国家的诞生；到 1913 年时，这些国家的版图大致如下所示。
By 1914, things were very tense, but fortunately nothing interesting was happening, except for a visit of the heir to the Austro -Hungarian throne,
到1914年时，局势已经非常紧张了。不过幸运的是，除了奥匈帝国王位的继承人来访之外，并没有发生任何值得关注的事情。
France Ferdinand to Bosnia to inspect troops there.
法国国王费迪南德将前往波斯尼亚，视察当地的军队。
Whilst in Bosnia, he managed to get a tiny bit assassinated by Bosnia and Serb, the emperor of Austria -Hungary,
在波斯尼亚期间，他差点遭到波斯尼亚人与塞尔维亚人的联合暗杀；而当时的奥匈帝国皇帝正是奥地利的皇帝。
France -Joseph was unsurprisingly furious and the assassination gave him pretext for war.
法国国王约瑟夫自然勃然大怒，这起暗杀事件为他发动战争提供了借口。
With whom?
和谁一起？
Serbia.
塞尔维亚。
This was because it was assumed that Serbia, whom principle wanted Bosnia to be united with, had something to do with it.
之所以如此，是因为人们认为塞尔维亚（按照某些原则，波斯尼亚应该与塞尔维亚合并）与此事有关。
The turmoil that followed this is known as the July Crisis.
随后发生的动荡被称为“七月危机”。
During this, Germany issued the blank check whereby it gave its full support to Austria in any course of action it chose to take.
在此期间，德国给予了奥地利“完全的支持”，无论奥地利选择采取何种行动，德国都会全力予以支持。
Austria -Hungary wanted to subdue Serbia, either by diplomacy or by force, and this would almost inevitably mean war with Russia,
奥匈帝国企图通过外交或武力手段征服塞尔维亚，而这一目标几乎必然会导致与俄罗斯的战争。
who saw itself as the protector of all Slavs.
它将自己视为所有斯拉夫人的保护者。
For Germany, supporting Austria -Hungary made sense since it had determined that if it left Russia to its own devices,
对德国来说，支持奥匈帝国是明智之举；因为德国认为，如果任由俄罗斯自行发展（即不对其进行干预），那么俄罗斯可能会对欧洲的局势产生不利影响。
Russia would become far too powerful to defeat in a war by about 1917.
到1917年左右，俄罗斯的实力将变得过于强大，以至于任何国家都无法在战争中将其击败。
As such, an ultimatum with the list of demands was issued to Serbia.
因此，塞尔维亚被发出了一份包含各项要求的最后通牒。
Serbia refused, and on the 28th of July Austria -Hungary declared war on them, and Russia began to mobilize its military.
塞尔维亚拒绝了奥地利的提议。7月28日，奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚宣战，俄罗斯也开始动员其军队。
Germany demanded they stop, they didn't, and on the 1st of August Germany declared war on Russia.
德国要求他们停止行动，但他们没有照做；于是8月1日，德国向俄罗斯宣战。
France then started to mobilize, and on the 3rd Germany declared war on them too.
随后，法国开始动员全国准备抗战；到了3日，德国也向法国宣战了。