Ten Minute History - The Thirty Years' War (Short Documentary) · History Matters
本视频简述三十年战争的爆发背景，重点讲述波西米亚起义及其引发的战争。适合练习历史、文化、政治相关词汇。
1618 and Bohemia here is in revolt.
1618年，波希米亚地区爆发了反抗运动。
At this point Bohemia formed an important part of the Holy Roman Empire and had since the Protestant Reformation moved steadily away from Catholicism.
在那个时候，波希米亚已成为神圣罗马帝国的重要组成部分；自新教改革以来，该地区逐渐远离了天主教的影响。
Much of this was thanks to their prior rulers such as Matthias who allowed the Protestants greater freedom of worship.
这在很大程度上要归功于他们的前任统治者，比如马蒂亚斯（Matthias）——他允许新教徒享有更大的宗教信仰自由。
This was built upon the previous 1555 piece of Augsburg which allowed for rulers of territories within the Holy Roman Empire to choose its religious denomination.
这一制度是在1555年制定的《奥格斯堡协议》的基础上发展而来的。该协议允许神圣罗马帝国内的各领土统治者自行选择其所属的宗教派别。
So long as that denomination was Catholicism or Lutheranism that is.
只要该宗教派别属于天主教或路德宗，情况就是如此。
Matthias didn't have any children and so appointed an heir Ferdinand of Styria, the Archduke of Austria, who succeeded him as King of Bohemia in 1617.
马蒂亚斯没有子女，因此指定斐迪南德（来自施蒂里亚地区）为继承人——斐迪南德后来成为奥地利大公，并于1617年继承了他的波希米亚国王之位。
Ferdinand was a devout Catholic and so sent representatives to Bohemia to shut down the Protestant churches and demand the conversion of its nobles.
费迪南德是一位虔诚的天主教徒，因此他派遣代表前往波希米亚，要求关闭新教教堂，并迫使当地的贵族改信天主教。
The Bohemians had a clever way of countering this.
波希米亚人有一种巧妙的方法来应对这种情况。
They threw Ferdinand's representatives out of a third -story window,
他们把费迪南德的代表从三楼的窗户扔了出去。
an event known as the Second Defenestration
这一事件被称为“第二次抛窗事件”（Second Defenestration）。
of Prague because this was not the first time people had been thrown out of a window for religious reasons.
这起事件发生在布拉格，因为这并不是第一次有人因为宗教原因被从窗户扔出去。
Ferdinand, unsurprisingly, was unhappy that his representatives who survived by the way were treated as such.
费迪南德自然很不高兴——那些幸存下来的他的代表们竟然受到了这样的对待。
Bohemia was thus plunged into a civil war and many of the Holy Roman Empire's Catholic states were dragged into the war as well.
因此，波希米亚陷入了内战，而神圣罗马帝国的许多天主教国家也卷入了这场战争。
Bohemia was aided by these states notably the Palatinate and Transylvania and were given financial aid by the Netherlands.
波希米亚得到了这些国家的支持，尤其是普法尔茨和特兰西瓦尼亚；同时，荷兰也向波希米亚提供了财政援助。
It's worth noting that there were other Protestant states within the Empire, the most notable being Saxony who remained neutral because they didn't want any trouble.
值得注意的是，帝国境内还存在其他新教国家，其中最著名的是萨克森。萨克森选择保持中立立场，因为他们不想卷入任何纷争。
Spain and its territories led also by the Habsburgs joined the war on the side of their German relatives and things weren't looking good for Bohemia.
西班牙及其领土（这些地区同样由哈布斯堡王朝统治）也加入了这场战争，站在他们的德国盟友一方；对波希米亚来说，形势显得非常不利。
So the leader of the Bohemian rebels
那么，这位波希米亚叛军的领袖……
was Heinrich Thurn who reached out to Frederick of the Palatinate who in 1619 was crowned as King of Bohemia.
是海因里希·图恩（Heinrich Thurn）主动联系了普法尔茨的弗雷德里克（Frederick of the Palatinate）；后者于1619年被加冕为波希米亚国王。
Bohemia was reaching out to other major Protestant powers like England,
波希米亚正在寻求与其他主要的新教国家（如英格兰）建立联系。
Sweden and Denmark Norway but they were
瑞典、丹麦、挪威……不过他们（的情况）是这样的。
very cautious and didn't approve of Frederick's
非常谨慎，而且不赞成弗雷德里克的所作所为。
actions with the King of Denmark Christian IV asking him who advised you to drive out kings and seize kingdoms.
这些文件是向丹麦国王克里斯蒂安四世提交的，其中询问他：“是谁建议你驱逐国王、夺取王国的？
In the same year, Ferdinand was made Holy Roman Emperor and Thurn even managed to march on Vienna but to no avail.
同年，费迪南德被加冕为神圣罗马帝国皇帝；图恩（Thurn）甚至试图进军维也纳，但未能取得任何成果。
1620 saw the Bohemian revolt crushed at
1620年，波希米亚起义被镇压了。
the decisive battle of the White Mountain with the imperial forces being led by Johann Circlay's the Count of Tilly.
在白山（White Mountain）发生的这场决定性战役中，帝国军队由约翰·柯克利（Johann Circlay）领导的蒂利伯爵（Count of Tilly）指挥。
As a result, the Bohemia leadership fled and Transylvania made peace which left the Palatinate as the only major resisting state.
因此，波希米亚的领导层被迫逃离；特兰西瓦尼亚与敌人议和，这使得普法尔茨成为唯一一个仍在抵抗的强大国家。
Resistance continued there until 1622 when it was conquered and the majority of the Protestant forces were pushed out of the Empire the next year.
当地的抵抗活动一直持续到 1622 年；同年，该地区被征服，大多数新教势力也被赶出了帝国。
Sparadic fighting continued but was crushed by 1625 thus sending the first phase of the war called the Bohemian phase.
零星的战斗仍在继续，但最终在1625年被彻底击败，这标志着这场战争的第一阶段（即波希米亚阶段）的结束。
There was however now a parallel war running between Spain and the Netherlands who had resumed the 80 years war.
然而，此时西班牙与荷兰之间又爆发了一场新的战争；荷兰重新挑起了持续了80年的战争。
It seemed that this would be the
看起来这将会是……
end of the conflict but King Christian who also held lands in the Empire was concerned that Protestants would be persecuted severely.
冲突虽然结束了，但克里斯蒂安国王（他在帝国内也拥有一些领地）担心新教徒会遭到严重的迫害。
He decided to intervene in 1625 marching his army down south to face Tilly in another Habsburg general Albrecht von Volenstein,
他决定在1625年进行干预，率领军队向南进军，与另一位哈布斯堡家族的将军阿尔布雷希特·冯·沃伦施泰因（Albrecht von Volenstein）以及蒂利（Tilly）展开战斗。
a Catholic Bohemian who made a lot of money by seizing Protestant lands there.
他是一位天主教徒，来自波希米亚地区；通过夺取当地新教徒的土地，他赚到了大量财富。
This began the second phase of the war, the Danish phase.
这标志着战争的第二个阶段的开始，即“丹麦阶段”。
Christian's intervention went poorly and he was subject to continuous defeats at the hands of both Tilly and Volenstein and he was pushed back into Denmark.
克里斯蒂安的干预行动失败了，他接连遭到蒂利（Tilly）和沃伦斯坦（Volenstein）的攻击，最终被迫撤退回丹麦。
Christian had expected his fellow Protestant kings in Sweden and England to back him but both had failed to do so.
克里斯蒂安原本期望瑞典和英格兰的新教国王们能够支持他，然而他们两人都未能履行这一承诺。
Denmark was also backed financially by the French who as you'll note were Catholic meaning that this war was about more than religion.
丹麦在财政上也得到了法国的支持；法国人信奉天主教，这意味着这场战争的意义远不止于宗教层面。
The French simply wanted to weaken the Habsburg neighbours but the support had to stop when their own Protestant population,
法国人只是想削弱哈布斯堡王朝这个邻国而已。然而，当他们自己的新教徒群体开始反对这种政策时，对哈布斯堡王朝的支持就必须停止了。
the Huguenots, revolted.
胡格诺派发动了反抗。
In 1629 Christian IV signed the Treaty
1629年，克里斯蒂安四世签署了该条约。