Ten Minute History - The Spanish Civil War and Francisco Franco (Short Documentary) · History Matters
简要介绍西班牙内战的起因、经过及佛朗哥的统治。适合练习历史背景和政治体制相关词汇。
1913 in Spain, things are getting a bit tense.
1913年，西班牙的局势逐渐变得紧张起来。
It was at this point that by King Alfonso XIII from his Prime Minister slash dictator, General Miguel Primo de Rivera.
就在这个时候，国王阿方索十三世任命米格尔·普里莫·德·里维拉将军为首相（实际上他更像是一个独裁者）。
Rivera was hugely unpopular and had cracked down on many democratic opponents and he'd also alienated the army which led to his resignation in January.
里维拉极不受欢迎，他严厉镇压了许多民主派反对者，还疏远了军队，最终导致他在1月份被迫辞职。
He was replaced by General de Maso Beringway who continued the dictatorship but Spaniard's named it Dictablanda or the soft dictatorship.
他的职位由德·马索·贝林韦将军接替，后者继续推行独裁统治。不过西班牙人将这种统治方式称为“Dictablanda”（即“温和的独裁”）。
Opposition to the dictatorship and the Monaco maintained it continued to grow during 1930 into the outbreak of an uprising in Caca here.
对独裁统治的反对情绪，以及人们对摩纳哥现状的不满，在整个1930年代持续高涨，最终在卡卡地区爆发了一场起义。
This uprising was crushed and Alfonso chose to replace Beringway in 1931 with Admiral Juan Batista Athnad who called for local elections.
这次起义被镇压了，阿方索于 1931 年决定用胡安·巴蒂斯塔·阿特纳德上将取代贝林韦（Beringway）的职位。阿特纳德上将主张举行地方选举。
The opposition, known as Republicans won and
被称为共和党的反对派赢得了选举。
went one step further by declaring Spain a democratic republic in Alfonso who couldn't count on the military for support,
他们更进一步，宣布西班牙为民主共和国。此时的阿方索已经无法依靠军队的支持了。
simply left.
就这样离开了。
This ushered in the period of the Second Spanish Republic which incidentally was one of the few nations to have the colour purple on its flag.
这标志着第二西班牙共和国的诞生；值得一提的是，西班牙是少数几个国旗上使用紫色颜色的国家之一。
A new provisional government led by Nisseto Asalatha Moda was established and quickly began to implement reforms.
由尼塞托·阿萨拉塔·莫达（Nisseto Asalatha Moda）领导的新临时政府成立后，迅速着手推行各项改革措施。
In June 1931 an election was held to electmen for a constitutional quartet which would draft the new Spanish constitution.
1931年6月，举行了一场选举，旨在选出四名成员，组成一个负责起草新西班牙宪法的委员会。
This constitution included things such as freedom of speech and assembly as well as the separation of church and state.
这部宪法规定了言论自由、集会自由等权利，同时也确立了政教分离的原则。
It also importantly placed the church's money under the control of the government and prevented religious orders from teaching in state schools.
这一举措还至关重要：它将教会的资金置于政府的控制之下，并禁止宗教团体在公立学校中进行教学活动。
This upset many of the deeply catholic population and led to Asalatha Moda himself a very religious man resigning his position of Prime Minister in October.
这一事件令许多虔诚的天主教徒感到不满，最终导致阿萨拉塔·莫达（Asalatha Moda）——一位本身非常虔诚的宗教人士——在10月份辞去了总理职务。
He wasn't jobless for long however since he was elected to the mostly ceremonial role of president by the constitutional courtes in November.
不过，他失业的时间并不长——因为在11月，他被宪法法院选举为总统（这一职位主要是象征性的）。
His replacement as Prime Minister was a man called Manuel Athania who was the left wing republican and wanted to push through major reforms.
他的继任者是曼努埃尔·阿萨尼亚（Manuel Athania），他是一位左翼共和主义者，致力于推动重大改革。
You may have noticed that neither of
你可能已经注意到，这两者中的任何一个都没有……
these two were elected in general elections and in fact the constitutional courtes continued to govern the nation well after the constitution was finished,
这两位领导人是通过大选当选的。事实上，在宪法正式颁布之后，宪法法院依然继续有效地治理着这个国家。
not very democratic.
这并不算是一种非常民主的做法。
Athania continued to bring in reforms such as expanding the franchise to women in 1933 and redistributing land from the rich to the poor.
阿萨尼亚继续推行各项改革措施：例如在1933年将选举权扩展至女性，并将富人的土地重新分配给穷人。
Further reforms included granting greater local autonomy to Catalonia in the Basque country and shrinking the size of the army.
进一步的改革措施包括：赋予加泰罗尼亚地区（该地区位于巴斯克地区）更大的地方自治权，以及缩减军队的规模。
Athania struggled to keep public order though
尽管如此，阿萨尼亚（Athania）仍在努力维持公共秩序。
and after some revolts which were quickly
在发生了一些叛乱之后（这些叛乱很快就被平息了）……
crushed it became clear that the Spanish people no longer wanted him in charge and so elections were called in 1933.
结果非常明显：西班牙人民不再希望他继续执政，因此于 1933 年举行了选举。
Athania lost and was replaced by a right wing called Alejandro LaRou who sought to reverse many of the previous reforms.
阿萨尼亚（Athania）落选了，取而代之的是一位名叫亚历杭德罗·拉鲁（Alejandro LaRou）的右翼人士，他试图废除之前的许多改革措施。
LaRou struggled to govern effectively and when
拉鲁在有效治理国家方面遇到了重重困难；具体来说，这种困难从何时开始呢？
it became clear that his government would be a very conservative one the socialist demanded a general strike to bring the country to a halt.
很明显，他的政府将会是一个非常保守的政府；因此，社会主义者们要求举行总罢工，以迫使国家停止当前的运作（或：迫使政府改变其保守的政策）。
This led to the Astoria's rising which saw armed socialist Cesar Viedo in October of 1934.
这导致了“阿斯托里亚号”（Astoria）上的局势升级——1934年10月，武装的社会主义者塞萨尔·维多（Cesar Viedo）在该船上发动了行动。
The army put this revolt down and
军队镇压了这次叛乱。
so left wing parties realized that they needed to cooperate if they were to regain power and so together formed the popular front in 1936.
因此，左翼政党意识到如果想要重新掌权，就必须进行合作。于是它们在1936年联合组成了“人民阵线”。
LaRou's government collapsed due to a financial scandal and elections were called which were the popular front led by Athania Wynne.
由于一起财务丑闻，LaRou领导的政府垮台了，随后举行了新的选举。新政府由Athania Wynne领导的“人民阵线”执政。
Athania soon after ousted our Salatha moderate
不久之后，阿萨尼亚（Athania）将我们那位主张温和立场的萨拉塔（Salatha）赶下了台。
as president and took his place but his presidency was tarnished by local violence between left and right wing groups.
他作为总统就职并履行了自己的职责，但他的任期因左右翼势力之间的暴力冲突而蒙上了阴影。
The most notable of these right wing
这些右翼势力中最引人注目的当属……
groups was the Falant which was modeled on the fascist parties of Europe and whose leader Jose Antonio had been arrested.
其中一个组织是“Falant”，该组织以欧洲的法西斯政党为蓝本建立，其领导人何塞·安东尼奥已被逮捕。
The breakdown of civil order and the
社会秩序的崩溃……
promises of greater autonomy to the regions
向各地区承诺给予更大的自治权
worried many in the army who thought
这让军队中的许多人感到担忧；他们认为……
that the country would disintegrate led by General Molom much of the army planned to oust the government to stop this.
由于莫洛姆将军的领导，该国可能会解体；因此大部分军队都计划推翻政府以阻止这一情况的发生。