Ten Minute History - Mussolini and Fascist Italy (Short Documentary) · History Matters
了解墨索里尼如何带领意大利加入一战并建立法西斯政权，适合练习历史背景和政治术语。
1915 and Italy has just joined the First World War.
1915年，意大利刚刚加入第一次世界大战。
It sided with the Entente powers despite previously having made a defensive pact with the Central powers.
尽管此前曾与同盟国签订过防御性条约，但它最终还是站在了协约国一方。
Because it was Austria -Hungary that invaded Serbia in 1914, that meant that it wasn't a defensive war and thus Italy could sit it out.
由于是奥匈帝国在1914年入侵了塞尔维亚，这意味着这不是一场防御性战争，因此意大利可以选择置身事外。
Both sides had tried to convince Italy
双方都试图说服意大利。
to join them and it was the
为了和他们会合，那就是……
Entente who won out in the end
最终获胜的协约国一方
when Italy signed the Treaty of London which promised them all of this territory from Austria -Hungary as well as a mountain of cash.
当意大利签署《伦敦条约》时，该条约承诺将奥地利-匈牙利帝国的大部分领土划归意大利，并同时向意大利提供巨额现金赔偿。
On May 23rd, Italy declared war on the Austro -Hungarian Empire and Italy was all in.
5月23日，意大利向奥匈帝国宣战，从此彻底卷入了这场战争。
Italy didn't exactly perform very well during the war but fortunately their main opponent was Austria -Hungary who also didn't perform very well.
意大利在战争中的表现并不出色，不过幸运的是，他们的主要对手是奥匈帝国，而奥匈帝国的表现也同样糟糕。
In late 1917 came Italy's greatest defeat during the war, the Battle of Capareto.
1917年末，意大利在战争中遭遇了最惨重的失败——那就是卡帕雷托战役（Battle of Capareto）。
This saw the Central powers push this far into Italy thus threatening Venice and also seeing 300 ,000 Italian casualties.
在此期间，中央同盟势力深入意大利境内，对威尼斯构成了威胁；同时，意大利方面也有约30万人因此丧生。
In order to raise morale the Liberal government promised soldiers loads of things like the vote and free land.
为了提振士气，自由党政府向士兵们承诺了许多福利，比如选举权以及免费的土地。
Anyway, Austro -Hungarian successes in the war just like in everything else didn't last.
无论如何，奥匈帝国在战争中的胜利，就像在其他所有事情上一样，并没有持续太久。
In November 1918 the Battle of Vittoria
1918年11月，维多利亚战役（Battle of Vittoria）爆发。
Vinito began which saw the collapse of the Austro -Hungarian army in the end of the war and the Italian front.
维尼托战役的爆发最终导致了奥匈帝国军队的溃败，以及意大利战线的崩溃。
A week after this victory the First
在这场胜利一周后，第一……
World War was over and Italy was free to celebrate and gain the lands the Allies had promised them or at least they'd hoped.
第二次世界大战已经结束，意大利终于可以庆祝胜利，并收回盟国承诺给予他们的土地——至少他们是这么希望的。
During the Paris Peace Conference the Italians demanded what they had been promised plus a little bit more.
在巴黎和会上，意大利人要求得到他们之前被承诺的东西，同时还额外提出了一些额外的要求。
The Allies said no and instead gave these areas to Italy and the rest of the promised territories to the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
盟国拒绝了这一要求，反而将这些地区划给了意大利，而其余承诺的领土则被交给了新成立的南斯拉夫王国。
Many Italians felt that this was a gross betrayal by the rest of the Entente and this became known as the Vittoria Mutilata,
许多意大利人认为这是协约国其他成员对他们的严重背叛；这一事件后来被称为“Vittoria Mutilata”（“残缺的胜利”）。
the mutilated victory.
这场“残缺不全的胜利”……
The displeasure at the post -war settlement
对战后和平协议的不满
came to a head when Gabriel de Nancio led a group of armed Italian nationalists to the city of Fiyume and occupied it.
当加布里埃尔·德·南西奥率领一群武装的意大利民族主义者前往菲尤梅市并将其占领时，局势终于达到了顶点。
They wanted Italy to annex it but the government refused.
他们希望意大利能吞并该地区，但意大利政府拒绝了这一要求。
As such it was declared to be a free state but after the Italian navy blockaded the city de Nancio surrendered.
因此，该地区被宣布为自由邦；然而在意大利海军对该城市实施封锁后，南锡最终还是投降了。
To make matters worse the post -war
更糟糕的是，战后的情况……
economy was in ruins and since all of the soldiers had been demobilised and many of the wartime factories were closed unemployment skyrocketed.
经济已经崩溃；由于所有士兵都被遣散，许多战时工厂也关闭了，失业率急剧上升。
Also the promise of land to the soldiers wasn't honored but they did get the vote.
此外，向士兵们承诺的土地并未兑现，但他们确实获得了选举权。
All of this disappointment surrounding the outcome of the war combined with the economic downturn meant that people became much more extreme in their demands.
战争结果所带来的种种失望情绪，再加上经济衰退的影响，使得人们的要求变得更加极端。
This led to what's known as the
这导致了所谓的“……”现象的出现。
Red Biennium which saw two years of
红色双年展”期间共举办了两年活动……
increased support for socialist parties greater industrial action some of which was quite violent and even calls for revolution like that in Russia.
对社会主义政党的支持力度有所增加；工业行动也更加频繁，其中一些行动具有相当强的暴力性；甚至有人呼吁发动革命（类似于俄罗斯发生的那种革命）。
These more radical socialists were quite frightening to many Italians and to prevent them from gaining power some turn to a new group.
这些更为激进的社会主义者让许多意大利人感到恐惧；为了阻止他们掌权，一些人转而支持另一个新的政治团体。
The Fascists led by a certain Benito Mussolini.
法西斯主义者由贝尼托·墨索里尼领导。
Mussolini had previously himself been a socialist but he was kicked out of the party when he supported Italian entry into World War One.
墨索里尼本人曾经是一名社会主义者，但当他支持意大利加入第一次世界大战时，被驱逐出了该政党。
After the war many unemployed veterans joined
战争结束后，许多失业的退伍军人加入了（某个组织或群体）。
the black shirts a fascist militia who went up and down the country making life pretty miserable for any and all socialist they could find.
黑衫军”是一支法西斯民兵组织，他们在全国各地活动，对所有他们能找到的社会主义者实施残酷迫害，让他们的生活变得极其痛苦。
Mussolini wasn't in complete control of the black shirts though.
不过，墨索里尼并不能完全控制那些“黑衫党”成员。
Regional leaders like Italo Balboa had immense sway but did largely accept Mussolini's leadership.
像伊塔洛·巴尔博亚这样的地区领袖虽然拥有巨大的影响力，但基本上还是接受了墨索里尼的领导。
The current prime minister of Italy at this point was a man called Giovanni Gialiti who was a fascist.
当时意大利的总理名叫乔瓦尼·贾利蒂（Giovanni Gialiti），他是一名法西斯主义者。