Ten Minute History - German Unification and Empire (Short Documentary) · History Matters
本视频简述德意志统一的历史背景与过程，涵盖普鲁士崛起、奥地利衰落及欧洲格局变化。适合练习历史相关词汇和语境理解。
1805, and the Austrian Army is on the march against Napoleon ( it didn't go great).
1805年，奥地利军队开始向拿破仑进军（但结果并不理想）。
The man leading this army was Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor.
率领这支军队的正是弗朗西斯二世——神圣罗马帝国的皇帝。
He was also the emperor of Austria, a title he created in response to Napoleon declaring himself the Emperor of France.
他同时也是奥地利的皇帝；这个头衔是他为了回应拿破仑自封为法国皇帝的行为而设立的。
Because he wasn't about to be 'out-emperored' by anyone.
因为他绝不会允许任何人超越自己的地位（或权力）。
So as far as empires go, the Austrian Empire was fairly run-of-the-mill.
就帝国而言，奥地利帝国属于相当普通的那种类型。
The Holy Roman Empire, however, was not so normal.
然而，神圣罗马帝国却并非一个“普通”的国家（或者说，它的存在方式并不符合当时普遍的规范或标准）。
It was comprised of hundreds of mostly German-speaking states who swore allegiance to an emperor.
这个政权由数百个主要使用德语的邦国组成，这些邦国都宣誓效忠于一位皇帝。
The most powerful state in the Holy
罗马帝国（Holy Roman Empire）时期最强大的国家
Roman Empire was Austria, followed by Prussia, and both of these had territory inside and outside of the Empire because it was complicated.
罗马帝国实际上指的是奥地利；随后是普鲁士。这两个国家的领土既包括罗马帝国内的地区，也包括帝国外的地区——情况相当复杂。
Having been defeated by Napoleon, Francis gave up his title of Holy Roman Emperor, and the Holy Roman Empire itself was dissolved in 1806.
在遭到拿破仑的击败后，弗朗茨放弃了“神圣罗马皇帝”的头衔，而神圣罗马帝国本身也在1806年解体了。
Most of its former states, except notably Prussia and Austria, were brought into the Confederation of the Rhine,
它以前的大多数邦国（普鲁士和奥地利除外）都加入了莱茵邦联。
which was a French puppet state.
那是一个法国控制的傀儡国家。
The people that lived in these states were somewhat unhappy living under the dominance of France, and many quickly began to resent everything French.
生活在这些州的人们对法国统治感到不满；许多人很快就开始厌恶一切与法国相关的事物。
One way to counter the French influence was to emphasize just how German they were.
为了对抗法国的影响，一种方法就是强调德国人的特性（即他们究竟有多“德国”）。
So sidenote, the term German was used to refer to people that spoke German.
顺便提一下，“German”这个词曾被用来指那些说德语的人。
There were Germans, but no Germany.
那里有德国人，但却没有德国这个国家。
In some respects, there was a sense of shared identity in culture, but Germans were also very divided by religion,
在某些方面，德国文化中确实存在一种共同身份认同的感觉；然而，德国人在宗教信仰上也存在严重的分歧。
economics and politics.
经济学与政治学。
So long story short, after Napoleon had been defeated by the Russians, Prussia and Austria rose up against him and by 1815,
长话短说，在拿破仑被俄国军队击败后，普鲁士和奥地利联合起来反抗他。到1815年……
he had been firmly defeated.
他遭到了彻底的失败。
After Napoleon's defeat, The Congress of Vienna was called to establish and maintain a balance of power so that no country could become too powerful.
拿破仑战败后，维也纳会议召开，旨在建立并维持权力的平衡，以防止任何国家变得过于强大。
This balance of power is known as the Concert of Europe.
这种权力平衡机制被称为“欧洲协调体系”（Concert of Europe）。
A man called Klemens von Metternich was very important to the establishment of this new order.
一位名叫克莱门斯·冯·梅特涅（Klemens von Metternich）的人对这一新秩序的建立起到了至关重要的作用。
Metternich was an Austrian diplomat who was instrumental in protecting Austria from Napoleon's harsher punishments.
梅特涅是一位奥地利外交官，他在保护奥地利免受拿破仑严厉惩罚的过程中发挥了重要作用。
As a result of the Congress, Prussia gained this territory, most notably the Rhineland, and Austria gained this territory in Italy,
由于这次会议的结果，普鲁士获得了这些领土，其中最著名的是莱茵兰地区；而奥地利则获得了位于意大利的那些领土。
but lost the Austrian Netherlands Importantly the German Confederation was formed It was led by a President, who was also the Emperor of Austria,
但是奥地利尼德兰地区被失去了。更重要的是，德意志邦联成立了。该邦联由一位总统领导，这位总统同时也是奥地利的皇帝。
had these borders which included some of Prussia and Austria,
这些边界包括了普鲁士和奥地利的部分领土。
but not all of Prussia and Austria, but was also totally not the Holy Roman Empire under a different name.
不过，并不包括普鲁士和奥地利的全部领土；同时，这个新政权也完全不是以另一个名称重新出现的神圣罗马帝国。
The German Confederation was quite a loose alliance and as such was seen as quite weak in comparison to other powers such as France and Russia.
德意志邦联实际上是一个松散的联盟组织，因此与其他强国（如法国和俄罗斯）相比，其实力显得相当薄弱。
This led to some calls for political unification, which would help protect the smaller German states and prevent a repeat of Napoleon.
这引发了一些要求实现政治统一的呼声。政治统一有助于保护那些较小的德国邦国，防止类似拿破仑那样的情况再次发生。
Prussia was keen on the idea of German Unification because it, being the largest German state, would be in charge.
普鲁士非常支持德国统一的想法，因为作为德国最大的邦国，普鲁士将掌握主导权。
In 1819, Prussia formed the Zollverein, which was a customs and trading union which sought to make commerce between German States easier.
1819年，普鲁士成立了“关税同盟”（Zollverein），这是一个旨在促进德国各邦之间贸易便利化的关税与贸易组织。
This was not just an economic union.
这不仅仅是一个经济联盟。
Austria was excluded from joining, which meant that there was no economic counterbalance to Prussia, and by 1848 the Zollverein looked like this.
奥地利被排除在联合之外，这意味着普鲁士在政治和经济上失去了任何制衡力量；到1848年时，关税同盟（Zollverein）的格局已经形成了现在的样子。
Throughout the early 19th century liberal ideas were spreading throughout the continent, and the new middle class wanted reforms such as political
在整个19世纪早期，自由主义思想在整个欧洲大陆广泛传播。新兴的中产阶级要求进行诸如政治改革之类的变革。
representation and freedom of speech.
表达权与言论自由。
In Austria, these calls for reform had been repressed by Metternich by censorship and prosecution.
在奥地利，梅特涅通过审查制度和法律诉讼压制了这些要求改革的呼声。
The cries for reform continued to groan, and in 1848, riots broke out across the German Confederation and Austria.
要求改革的呼声持续高涨，到了1848年，德国邦联和奥地利各地爆发了骚乱。
In Austria, the reforms were short-lived, but Metternich was forced to resign and fled to Britain.
在奥地利，这些改革很快就失败了；梅特涅被迫辞职，并逃往了英国。
Riots in Berlin was suppressed by Prince Wilhelm of Prussia via cannons, which earned him the nickname, the Prince of Grapeshot.
柏林发生的暴乱被普鲁士的威廉王子用大炮镇压了下来，因此他获得了“葡萄弹王子”（Prinz of Grapeshot）的绰号。