Volcanoes Explained: Crash Course Geology #13 · CrashCourse
从 Krakatoa 到 Mount Saint Helens,火山不仅能造成巨大破坏,还塑造了自然景观。本视频讲解火山的形成、类型及危险性,适合练习地质相关词汇和表达。
Ready for a vacation?
准备好去度假了吗?
This lake may seem like paradise.
这个湖泊看起来就像人间天堂一样。
But it has an explosive origin story.
但它有一个充满戏剧性的起源故事。
On the North Island of New Zealand, you’ll find Lake Taupō.
在新西兰的北岛,你可以找到陶波湖(Lake Taupō)。
And you can see why it’s a popular tourist destination: it’s got amazing views, decadent hot springs, and frickin’ waterfalls, man.
你就能明白为什么这里会成为热门的旅游目的地了:这里有令人惊叹的美景、奢华的温泉,还有超棒的瀑布,简直太棒了!
But, around 25,500 years ago, you definitely wouldn’t want to be in its vicinity.
但是,大约在25,500年前,你绝对不想待在它的附近。
Because this placid lake formed from a massive volcanic supereruption.
因为这个平静的湖泊是由一次大规模的火山超级喷发形成的。
The volcano shot out tons of lava and volcanic ash, buckling the earth into a depression about the size of Singapore.
这座火山喷出了大量熔岩和火山灰,导致地表塌陷形成一个面积与新加坡相当的大坑。
Eventually, it filled with water and became Lake Taupō.
最终,这个地方被水填满,形成了陶波湖(Lake Taupō)。
Amazing, right?
太神奇了,对吧?
And…
然后……
kinda terrifying.
有点可怕……
Hi, I’m Sage, and this is Crash Course Geology.
大家好,我是Sage,这是《地质学速成课程》。
[THEME MUSIC] From the huge Mount Damavand in Iran to the tiny Taal in the Philippines to the infamous Mount Doom of Mordor,
【主题音乐】从伊朗的高耸达马万德山,到菲律宾的小岛塔阿尔,再到魔多那臭名昭著的末日山……
volcanoes capture our imagination.
火山激发了我们的想象力。
Yeah, I know Lord of the Rings isn’t real!
是的,我知道《指环王》只是虚构的故事,并不是真实发生的!
But it’s based on real volcanoes, okay?
不过这个模型是基于真实的火山建立的,对吧?
Whether we’re talking the real deal or papier-mâché, volcanoes can be equal parts enthralling and scary.
无论是真正的火山还是用纸板制成的模型,它们都同样既令人着迷又令人恐惧。
Because, well, they do this.
因为,嗯,他们确实会这么做。
Stand back, Dwayne.
退后点,德韦恩。
Oh.
哦。
Well, in real life they erupt.
嗯,在现实生活中,火山确实会喷发。
But…
但是……
why?
为什么?
And what actually is a volcano, anyway?
那么,火山到底是什么呢?
Geologically speaking, a volcano is a crack in the ground— AKA a vent— that lava comes out of.
从地质学的角度来看,火山其实是地壳上的一条裂缝(也称为喷口),熔岩就是从这里喷发出来的。
It can also refer to the land
它也可以指代这片土地。
formations that build up around those vents, like the mountain-looking things we might think of when we hear the word “volcano.”
那些喷口周围形成的地质结构,比如当我们听到“火山”这个词时脑海中浮现出的、看起来像山脉的景象。
But volcanoes aren’t just mountains— especially because they erupt.
但火山可不仅仅是普通的山脉而已;尤其是因为它们会喷发。
Let’s take a look at how that happens.
让我们来看看这是如何发生的。
Magma is what we call molten rock that’s underground.
岩浆就是我们所说的、存在于地下的熔融岩石。
And it’s actually pretty chill.
其实这里的环境相当轻松、惬意。
Metaphorically.
从比喻的角度来说。
Literally it’s, like, a thousand degrees Celsius.
实际上,温度高达大约一千摄氏度。
Down there, the pressure is way higher than it is on the surface.
在地下,压力要比地表高得多。
And that pressure, combined with the high heat, allows gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur to dissolve into the magma.
这种压力,再加上高温的作用,使得水蒸气、二氧化碳和硫等气体能够溶解到岩浆中。
Magma is less dense than the surrounding rock, so it tends to rise toward the surface and collect in underground pools called magma chambers,
岩浆的密度低于周围岩石,因此它往往会向上移动,最终聚集在被称为“岩浆房”的地下腔室中。
which do a pretty good job of keeping things contained…
这些措施在控制事态发展方面做得相当不错……
usually.
通常情况下是这样。
But put a little crack in the rock above, and things get…
但是,如果在上面的岩石上敲出一个小裂缝,情况就会变得……