Is Gerrymandering Getting Worse?: Crash Course US Government #7 · CrashCourse
本集探讨选区划分(gerrymandering)的定义、形式及其对选举的影响。适合练习政治词汇和理解美国选举制度。
A monster lurks among us.
一个怪物潜伏在我们中间……
First spotted over 200 years ago, it can be recognized for its strange forms, dubious motivations, and…suspicious consolidation of voting power.
这种现象最早在200多年前就被发现了。它的特征包括怪异的形态、可疑的动机,以及令人怀疑的投票权力集中行为。
This is the gerrymander, and it’s still out there, slashing voting districts, sneaking unfair partisan advantages into elections,
这就是所谓的“选区划分不公”(即通过不正当手段操纵选区划分);这种现象至今仍然存在:人们不断调整投票区的边界,暗中在选举中为某个政党创造不公平的优势。
and weakening democratic representation.
这不仅削弱了民主制度的根基,也降低了民主代表的代表性(即民主制度在决策过程中的影响力)。
The question is: where did it come from?
问题在于:它是从哪里来的?
And can it be stopped?
那么,这种情况能够被阻止吗?
Hi!
嗨!
I'm Kousha Navidar, this is Crash Course, and we’re answering Big Questions on U.S.
我是库沙·纳维达尔(Kousha Navidar),这是《速成课程》(Crash Course)节目。在这个节目中,我们将探讨关于美国的重要问题。
Government.
政府。
[THEME MUSIC] Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry drew this monstrosity of an electoral district (wings not included) in 1812,
【主题音乐】1812年,马萨诸塞州州长埃尔布里奇·格里(Elbridge Gerry)划定了这个极其荒谬的选区边界(图中未显示该选区的“翼状部分”)。
as a ploy to give his own political party an edge in elections.
这是一种策略,旨在让他的政党在选举中占据优势。
And he just, I don’t know, hoped nobody would notice?
他只是……我不知道,他是不是希望没人会注意到这件事?
C’mon, dude.
得了吧,伙计。
It looks like a salamander or something.
它看起来像蝾螈之类的动物。
Which is exactly what everyone else at
这正是其他所有人所期望的。
the time thought, and how it got lampooned in a Boston Gazette cartoon with a name that’s stuck ever since:
当时人们对此进行了各种讨论;后来,波士顿《公报》(Boston Gazette)的一幅漫画对此进行了嘲讽,而这幅漫画中的标题至今仍被人们广泛引用。
the “gerrymander.”
所谓的“选区划分操纵”(即通过不公正的手段重新划分选区以影响选举结果的行为)。
Imagine getting dunked on so hard, high school students have to learn it as a vocabulary term 200 years later.
想象一下:某个笑话或嘲讽被反复使用到如此夸张的程度,以至于200年后,高中生们竟然还得把这个词(用来形容这种夸张的行为)当作一个正式的词汇来学习。
Gerrymandering is drawing congressional district lines to give one group or party an unfair advantage in elections, often leaving bizarre shapes on state maps.
选区划分不公(即“ Gerrymandering”)是指通过人为调整国会选区的边界,使某个特定群体或政党在选举中获得不公平的优势;这种做法往往会导致州级地图上出现形状怪异的选区边界。
And while it isn’t new, it’s only gotten more intense in today’s hotly divided political climate.
虽然这并不是什么新鲜现象,但在当今政治分歧严重的环境下,这种现象反而变得更加激烈了。
To understand gerrymandering, we have to start by understanding what a congressional district even is, and how their borders get decided in the first place.
要理解“选区划分不公”(即通过不正当手段操纵选区边界)的现象,我们首先需要了解国会选区究竟是什么,以及这些选区的边界最初是如何确定的。
Basically, congressional districts are these clearly defined geographical regions within a state.
基本上,国会选区是指一个州内部那些边界明确的地理区域。
Each district is represented by a member of the federal House of Representatives.
每个选区都有一名联邦众议院议员作为其代表。
Every state is promised at least one congressional district, and the rest are determined by population.
每个州至少会被分配一个国会选区;其余选区的数量则根据该州的人口规模来确定。
Since 1929, there have been 435 permanent seats in the House.
自1929年以来,众议院共有435个永久性席位。
And as each state’s population changes, so does their share of those 435 total seats.
随着每个州人口的变化,这些州在总共435个议席中的所占比例也会相应发生变化。
That process is called reapportionment— the post-Census reallocation of House seats to each state.
这一过程被称为“重新分配议席”(reapportionment),即在人口普查结束后,根据各州的人口比例重新分配众议院的席位。
And based on those population changes, and
根据这些人口变化情况……
resulting representative shifts, states have to be redistricted, where district lines are changed to account for lost or gained House seats,
由于众议院代表席位的变化,各州必须重新划分选区;此时选区边界会被调整,以反映众议院席位数量的增减情况。
either by drawing more districts or lumping old ones together.
要么通过增设选区来扩大选举范围,要么通过合并原有的选区来实现同样的目的。
Ooo fun!
哦哦,真有趣!
Art project!
艺术项目!
Even if a state doesn’t lose or gain seats, the districts themselves have often either lost or gained residents.
即使某个州在议会中的席位数量没有发生变化(既没有减少也没有增加),其下辖的各个选区本身的居民数量往往也会发生变化(要么减少,要么增加)。
That’s a reason to redraw district lines, too, thanks to the 1962 Supreme Court decision in Baker v.
由于 1962 年最高法院在“Baker v.”案中的裁决,这也成为重新划分选区边界的一个理由。
Carr.
卡尔(Carr.)
This helped establish the “one person, one vote” principle when it comes to congressional districts and representation in the House,
这有助于确立“一人一票”的原则,特别是在国会选区划分以及众议院议员的选举方面。
which means all of a state’s districts need to be about equal in population.
这意味着一个州内的所有选区在人口数量上必须大致相等。
Otherwise, a vote in a less populous district carries more influence than a vote in a heavily populated one.
否则,在人口较少的选区投出的选票,其影响力会比在人口较多的选区投出的选票更大。
Don’t think too hard about how that principle applies to presidential elections…
关于这一原则如何适用于总统选举,不必想得太复杂……
or the Senate…
或者参议院……