The Mystery Behind Earth’s Missing Rocks: Crash Course Geology #16 · CrashCourse
通过科罗拉多大峡谷的岩石层,探索地球地质历史中缺失的数亿年。适合练习地质学、自然和地理知识。
How did over one billion years of rock go missing?
为什么超过十亿年的岩石“消失”了?
The Grand Canyon contains one of the most complete geological records on Earth.
大峡谷拥有地球上最完整的地质记录之一。
Its layers are an open book laying out the sordid history of our planet.
它的各个层次就像一本“打开的书”,清晰地记录着我们星球的肮脏历史。
But not the whole history.
不过,并不是整个历史都被记录了下来。
There are millions of years missing, even over one billion years in some locations.
在这些地质记录中,缺失了数百万年的历史信息;在某些地区,缺失的时间甚至超过了10亿年。
That’s quite a lot of missing pages…
缺失的页面数量确实非常多啊……
So…
那么……
where did they go?
他们去哪儿了?
Hello.
你好。
I'm Sage, and this is Crash Course Geology.
我是Sage,这档节目叫做《地质学速成课》(Crash Course Geology)。
[THEME MUSIC] Ah, the Grand Canyon.
[主题音乐] 啊,大峡谷……
It’s big.
它很大。
It’s grand.
真是太壮观了。
It’s canyon-y.
这里的地形非常像峡谷。
The Indigenous Paiute describe it as a “mountain lying down.”
当地的派尤特原住民将这座山描述为“一座躺着的山”。
And nineteenth-century geologist John Wesley Powell called it a “library of the gods.”
19世纪的地质学家约翰·韦斯利·鲍威尔将这片地区称为“众神的图书馆”。
And for good reason!
这是有充分理由的!
The stripes on the canyon’s walls are storytellers called strata, layers of rock that record what the planet was like in the deep past.
峡谷壁上的那些条纹其实是一种“故事讲述者”——它们被称为“岩层”(strata)。这些岩层记录了地球在远古时期的样子。
These are the three main chunks of strata in the Grand Canyon: the Vishnu Basement Rocks, the Grand Canyon Supergroup,
这些是大峡谷地层中的三个主要组成部分:毗湿奴基底岩(Vishnu Basement Rocks)、大峡谷超群地层(Grand Canyon Supergroup)。
and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks.
以及那些分层的古生代岩石。
A beautiful array of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary.
这是一组由火成岩、变质岩和沉积岩组成的美丽地质组合。
Lookin’ good, ol’ GC!
看起来真不错,老兄!
Strata can tell us about all sorts of geologic activity: floods, tectonic movements, changes in sea level, volcanic eruptions,
地层可以为我们提供关于各种地质活动的信息:洪水、构造运动、海平面变化、火山喷发等等。
and even more.
甚至更多。
And because strata are well-preserved and exposed
由于这些地层保存完好且易于被观察到,
in the Grand Canyon, geologists can read these rocks to uncover the story of our planet— including the mystery of why some chapters are missing.
在大峡谷中,地质学家可以通过研究这些岩石来揭示地球的演化历史——包括那些“缺失的章节”(即地球演化过程中某些关键阶段的记录)背后的谜团。
The layers know something…
这些“层次”似乎隐藏着某些重要的信息……
but they’re just not talking.
但他们就是不愿意交谈。
Or maybe…
或者也许……
I just gotta speak their language.
我只需要用他们能理解的方式与他们交流就行了。
If strata are chapters in Earth’s biography, then sediment is the alphabet: worn-down fragments of rock that get moved and deposited somewhere else.
如果地层可以被视为地球“传记”中的章节,那么沉积物就相当于构成这“传记”的“字母”——那些被风化、破碎的岩石碎片,它们会被搬运到其他地方并沉积下来。
That’s where the story really begins.
故事真正从这里开始。
I mean, we can’t read anything without the ABCs!
我的意思是,如果没有基本的字母知识(即 ABC),我们就无法阅读任何东西!
Through sedimentology, geologists study how rocks transform into sediment and sediment transforms into rocks.
通过沉积学的研究,地质学家们探讨了岩石是如何转变为沉积物的,以及沉积物又是如何重新转变为岩石的。
Which goes a little something like this: weathering wears down rocks, creating sediment.
具体来说就是:风化作用会侵蚀岩石,从而产生沉积物。
Erosion by water, wind, ice, or gravity physically removes that sediment and puts it somewhere else.
由水、风、冰或重力引起的侵蚀作用会物理性地移除这些沉积物,并将它们带到其他地方。
Often, it’s deposited in basins: areas of land that sit at slightly lower elevations than the surrounding landscape.
这些物质通常会被沉积在盆地中——那些海拔比周围地形略低的地区。
Like the massive Colorado River Basin, home to the Grand Canyon.
就像科罗拉多河流域那样广阔——那里孕育了著名的格兰德峡谷。
When conditions are right, sediment can get buried so deep that it turns into solid sedimentary rock.
当条件适宜时,沉积物可以被埋藏得非常深,从而转化为固态的沉积岩。
Layers of rock pile up as beds, layered beds become strata, and voilà— another juicy chapter in Earth’s tell-all memoir.
岩层一层层堆积起来,形成岩床;这些岩床又组合成地层。瞧,地球这本“自传”中又增添了一章引人入胜的内容。