地质学家如何判断地球是否正在变暖:地质学速成课程

How Geologists Can Tell if the World is Warming : Crash Course Geology #23 · CrashCourse

通过研究古地质时期,了解地球变暖的历史与影响。适合练习环境描述、科学解释和逻辑推理。

字幕节选(英语 · 中文)

  1. Once upon a time, Earth started to heat up.

    从前,地球开始变暖了。

  2. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide poured into the atmosphere.

    像二氧化碳这样的温室气体被大量排放到大气中。

  3. Temperatures across the planet soared.

    全球各地的气温都急剧上升。

  4. Ice caps melted.

    冰盖融化了。

  5. Oceans acidified.

    海洋正在酸化。

  6. And when all was said and done, the world was changed forever.

    当一切尘埃落定之后,这个世界永远地改变了。

  7. Sound familiar?

    听起来很熟悉吧?

  8. It should, since something pretty similar is happening to us right now.

    确实应该如此,因为我们现在也正在经历类似的事情。

  9. But the thing is, that story didn’t happen today— it happened around 56 million years ago.

    但问题是,那个故事并不是今天发生的,而是发生在大约5600万年前。

  10. This long-ago geologic event has a lot to teach us about how Earth heats up— and what might happen to us as it does.

    这一发生在很久以前的地质事件,能让我们了解到地球是如何变暖的,以及随着地球变暖,我们可能会面临什么后果。

  11. Hi!

    嗨!

  12. I’m Sage, and this is Crash Course Geology.

    我是赛奇(Sage),这是《地质学速成课程》(Crash Course Geology)。

  13. [THEME MUSIC] That super hot time period millions of years ago is called the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.

    【主题音乐】数百万年前那个气候极其炎热的时期被称为“古新世-始新世热极期”(Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum)。

  14. “Paleocene-Eocene” because it happened on the cusp of those two epochs, or chunks of time in Earth’s geologic history.

    古新世-始新世”,因为这一事件发生在地球地质历史中这两个时期的交界处。

  15. And “thermal maximum” because, well, it was really freakin’ hot.

    之所以被称为“热极值”,是因为当时的气温实在高得离谱。

  16. For now, we’ll call it the PETM.

    目前,我们暂时将其称为“PETM”(Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum,即古新世-始新世极热事件)。

  17. Or, pet ‘em.

    或者,轻轻抚摸它们。

  18. Meh, just kidding, nobody calls it that.

    嗯,只是开个玩笑而已,其实根本没人会这么叫它。

  19. This heatwave was intense.

    这次热浪非常强烈。

  20. Over the course of 15 or 20

    在15到20年的时间里

  21. thousand years, surface temperatures rose more than 5 degrees Celsius, topping off at a global average of over 34 degrees.

    在过去的千年里,地表温度上升了超过5摄氏度,全球平均温度达到了34摄氏度以上。

  22. That’s about what you’d find in the line at Disney World mid-summer.

    这大概就是你在盛夏时节去迪士尼乐园排队时所会遇到的情景。

  23. Compare that to 2024, when the global average surface temperature was roughly 15.2 degrees Celsius.

    将这一数据与 2024 年的情况进行比较:2024 年全球平均地表温度约为 15.2 摄氏度。

  24. But that 34-degree temperature during the PETM was an average, pulled down by the cool-ish temps at the Earth’s poles.

    然而,在PETM(古新世-始新世极热事件)期间,34摄氏度的温度其实只是平均水平;由于地球两极地区的温度相对较低,因此整体平均温度被拉低了。

  25. And I do mean -ish.

    我确实是这个意思(也就是“有点儿”这个意思)。

  26. At the time, the poles were hot enough to support palm trees and crocodile ancestors.

    在那个时候,这些“极地”地区的温度高到足以让棕榈树以及鳄鱼的祖先在那里生长。

  27. The ocean off the coast of Antarctica, which sits close to freezing today, hit around 17 degrees Celsius.

    南极洲沿海的海洋如今温度接近冰点,但曾经一度上升到了约17摄氏度。

  28. That’s about the temperature of Lake Michigan in early summer.

    这个温度大约相当于密歇根湖在初夏时的水温。

  29. Meanwhile, off the coast of West Africa near the equator, the ocean was about 32, like a nice,

    与此同时,在西非靠近赤道的海岸附近,海水温度约为32摄氏度——真是个宜人的温度啊。

  30. warm bath.

    温水浴。

  31. As for how we know all this?

    那么,我们是怎么知道这一切的呢?

  32. Throughout this series, we’ve learned that Earth is a great record-keeper.

    在整个这个系列中,我们了解到地球是一个非常出色的“记录保存者”——它能够保存大量的信息。

  33. In fossils, rocks, and ice cores, we’ve found evidence of what the planet used to be like— including how hot it was,

    在化石、岩石以及冰芯中,我们发现了关于这颗行星过去状况的证据——包括它的温度有多高。

  34. and what kinds of life it could support.

    以及这种生态系统能够支持什么样的生物生存。

  35. Today, geologists use that evidence to make pretty good guesses about what Earth’s climate was like throughout its history.

    如今,地质学家利用这些证据,能够相当准确地推测地球在其历史上的气候状况。

  36. And it shows us that the climate has changed a lot— and so has the kind of life that can live in it.

    这表明气候发生了很大变化,因此能够在这种气候条件下生存的生物种类也随之发生了变化。

  37. In the past 4 billion years, we’ve gone from ice ages to thermal maximums, from woolly mammoths in Granada to palm trees in Greenland.

    在过去的40亿年里,地球经历了从冰河时代到气候最温暖的时期的转变;从格拉纳达地区生活的长毛猛犸象,到格陵兰岛上生长的棕榈树,自然界发生了巨大的变化。

  38. As for what the evidence shows us about the PETM?

    那么,关于“极短期温暖事件”(PETM),证据向我们揭示了什么呢?

  39. Let’s turn to some of my geology rock stars…

    接下来,让我们来了解一下那些在地质学领域非常杰出的人物吧……

  40. In 1987, Dutch scientist Ellen Thomas was on a boat in the Antarctic.

    1987年,荷兰科学家艾伦·托马斯(Ellen Thomas)乘坐一艘船在南极海域进行考察。

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