化石是如何形成的?——地质学速成课程

How Do Fossils Form?: Crash Course Geology #18 · CrashCourse

本集讲解化石形成过程及为何罕见,适合练习自然与科学类词汇和表达。

字幕节选(英语 · 中文)

  1. Get ready, because you’re about to look a dinosaur in the face.

    准备好吧,因为你马上就要与一只恐龙“面对面”了……(当然,这只是个比喻,实际上你并不会真的看到恐龙。)

  2. This is a nodosaur.

    这是一种结节龙(Nodosaur)。

  3. In its belly, you can still see specks of its last meal.

    在它的肚子里,你仍然可以看到它上一顿食物留下的痕迹(即食物的残渣)。

  4. Fern salad.

    蕨类沙拉。

  5. From the traces of melanin in its bumpy skin, we can wager that it was reddish-brown with a light underbelly.

    从它那凹凸不平的皮肤中残留的黑色素痕迹来看,我们可以推测它的体色应该是红棕色的,腹部颜色较浅。

  6. And those toe beans still look squishable— even though they’ve turned to stone.

    那些脚趾骨看起来依然很有弹性(仿佛还能被压扁似的)——尽管它们其实已经变成了石头。

  7. Don’t you just wanna squeeze ‘em?

    你就不想捏捏它们吗?

  8. Turns out, the worst day of this nodosaur’s life was a very lucky day for making a fossil.

    事实证明,这种结节龙生命中最糟糕的那天,却恰恰是它形成化石的“幸运之日”。

  9. Hi, I’m Sage and this is Crash Course Geology.

    大家好,我是Sage,这是《地质学速成课程》(Crash Course Geology)。

  10. [THEME MUSIC] This is poop.

    [主题音乐] 这简直糟透了(或:这音乐简直糟糕至极)。

  11. And it’s a fossil.

    而且它是一块化石。

  12. This is a bug bedazzled in fool’s gold.

    这简直就是一个被“愚人金”(即毫无价值的东西)所迷惑的“错误之源”(即充满错误的地方)。

  13. And it’s a fossil.

    而且它是一块化石。

  14. This baby cave lion unearthed from permafrost?

    这只从永久冻土中挖掘出来的幼年洞狮……

  15. This worm sperm?

    这是蠕虫的精子吗?

  16. This ant with a parasitic mushroom growing out of its butt?

    这只蚂蚁的屁股上长出了一朵寄生蘑菇……

  17. All fossils.

    所有化石。

  18. Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms that are at least 10,000 years old.

    化石是指那些至少有1万年历史的生物遗骸或痕迹。

  19. But they aren’t just shells and bones, ammonite necklaces and t-rex thighs.

    但它们不仅仅是贝壳和骨头,也不仅仅是菊石制成的项链或霸王龙的大腿骨骼罢了。

  20. Fossils can also preserve skin, feathers, or flowers.

    化石有时也能保存皮肤、羽毛或花朵的痕迹。

  21. They can freeze footprints, tunnels, and nests in time.

    它们能够将脚印、隧道以及巢穴“冻结”在时间之中(即让这些结构保持不变)。

  22. Even whole baby mammoths!

    甚至还有完整的幼年猛犸象!

  23. Fossils are the closest we’ll ever get to long-gone organisms.

    化石是我们能够了解那些早已消失的生物的最直接的方式。

  24. And often, they’re a snapshot of their last, worst days.

    通常,这些照片记录的是他们最糟糕、最糟糕的那些日子的瞬间。

  25. But even though everyone dies, very few fossilize.

    然而,尽管所有人最终都会死亡,但只有极少数人的遗体能够形成化石。

  26. Actually becoming a fossil is like winning the geological jackpot.

    事实上,成为化石就如同中了地质学的“头奖”一样幸运。

  27. You see, fossils require very specific conditions to exist at all.

    你看,化石的形成需要非常特殊的条件才行。

  28. Most fossils form when living things are quickly trapped and buried in sediment, like mud, sand, or ash.

    大多数化石的形成过程是这样的:当生物体迅速被沉积物(如泥浆、沙子或火山灰)包裹并掩埋后,它们就会逐渐形成化石。

  29. That’s what happened to our nodosaur friend.

    这就是我们的那只结节龙朋友所遭遇的命运。

  30. I mean, I consider it a personal friend.

    我的意思是,我把这个人当作自己的朋友来看待。

  31. About 110 million years ago, the nodosaur died…

    大约1.1亿年前,这种名为“结节龙”的恐龙灭绝了……

  32. somehow.

    不知怎么的。

  33. Its body floated down a river, then into the sea, as it…

    它的身体顺流而下,最终进入了大海……

  34. bloated with gas.

    腹部因积气而肿胀。

  35. Eventually, the body burst and sank belly-up to the seafloor, where mud swirled around and buried it.

    最终,那具“尸体”破裂了,然后整个翻倒在地,沉到了海底。海底的泥浆开始翻腾,将它完全掩埋了起来。

  36. After that initial burial, there are a few different ways fossils can form.

    在初次埋藏之后,化石可以通过几种不同的方式形成。

  37. The first path is permineralization.

    第一条途径是矿物的永久性固定(即矿物的化学成分被永久性地嵌入岩石结构中)。

  38. That’s when minerals from the water in the ground leech into the pores of buried wood, bone, shells,

    就在这个时候,地下水中所含的矿物质会渗入被埋藏的木材、骨头或贝壳的孔隙中。

  39. or soft tissue, replace them, and leave behind a heavier, denser 3-D mold.

    或者替换那些软组织,最终会得到一个更重、更致密的 3D 模型。

  40. As sediment kept layering over our nodosaur, minerals infused and replaced much of its armored skin, bones, and squishy bits,

    随着沉积物不断在结节龙的身体上堆积,其中的矿物质逐渐渗透并取代了它的大部分装甲皮肤、骨骼以及柔软的组织。

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