British English Vocabulary C1 #2: Fiscal Policy (25 Words) | AoneCtwo · AoneCtwo
本课讲解25个C1级别英国英语财政政策相关词汇，包含单字、搭配和短语动词。适合练习词汇运用和理解经济类话题。
Welcome to AoneCtwo British English Vocabulary, level C1.
欢迎来到 AoneCtwo 的英国英语词汇学习课程，当前学习水平为 C1 级。
Category 2: Fiscal Policy.
类别2：财政政策。
In this lesson: 12 single words, 8 collocations, 5 phrasal verbs, a short story, and revision.
在本节课中：12个单独的单词、8个固定搭配、5个短语动词、一个短故事以及复习内容。
excise — a tax on certain goods made or sold within a country ("Higher excise on tobacco has made cigarettes more expensive across the UK.")
消费税：对在国内生产或销售的某些商品征收的税（“英国对烟草征收更高的消费税，导致香烟价格普遍上涨。”）
expenditure — the total amount of money a government spends ("The government plans to reduce total expenditure next year by cancelling several major road projects.")
支出——政府花费的总金额（例如：“政府计划通过取消几个大型公路建设项目来减少明年的总支出。”）
austerity — strict cuts in public spending to reduce debt ("Years of austerity left our local library with fewer staff and shorter opening hours.")
紧缩政策：通过大幅削减公共开支来减少债务（“多年的紧缩政策导致我们当地的图书馆员工减少，开放时间也缩短了。”）
levy — an official tax or charge ("The council wants to introduce a small levy on overnight stays to help maintain local attractions.")
levy”指的是一种官方征收的税款或费用（例如：“理事会希望对过夜住宿者收取少量费用，以帮助维护当地旅游景点。”）
chancellor — in the UK, the minister
财政大臣（Chancellor）——在英国，指的是负责财政事务的政府部长。
in charge of the economy and taxes ("The chancellor announced that income tax rates would stay the same next year.")
负责经济和税收事务（“财政部长宣布，明年的所得税税率将保持不变。”）
borrowing — money a government takes as a loan ("Government borrowing rose because tax receipts weren't enough to cover spending on public services.")
借款——政府以贷款形式筹集的资金（例如：“由于税收收入不足以覆盖公共服务支出，政府的借款规模有所增加。”）
outlay — the money spent on something ("The initial outlay on new buses was high, but the council expects lower running costs.")
支出”指的是为某件事所花费的资金（例如：“购买新公交车的初期成本很高，但市政委员会预计后续的运营费用会更低。”）
allocation — an amount of money officially
拨款（Allocation）：指官方规定的资金数额。
given for a particular purpose ("Our council's allocation for road repairs barely covers the cost of filling the worst potholes.")
这些资金是专门为某个特定目的而拨付的（“我们市政委员会用于道路维修的预算，仅够填补那些最严重的坑洞。”）
treasury — the government department that manages public money ("The Treasury must approve the funding before work on the new hospital can begin.")
财政部——负责管理公共资金的政府机构（“在新医院的建设工作开始之前，必须获得财政部的批准。”）
stimulus — government spending meant to encourage economic activity ("The government announced a stimulus package to create jobs and get people spending again.")
刺激措施：政府为鼓励经济活动而实施的支出计划（“政府宣布了一项刺激计划，旨在创造就业机会并重新刺激人们的消费。”）
progressive — (of tax) taking a larger
progressive”（指税收政策）：指随着收入水平的提高，所征收的税款也会相应增加（即税率呈递增趋势）。
share from people who earn more ("A progressive income tax system takes a larger percentage of your earnings as your income rises.")
从收入较高的人那里获取收益（“累进所得税制度会随着你收入的增加而征收更高比例的税款。”）
fiscal — connected with government money, taxes and spending ("The government's fiscal plans include higher taxes and more spending on hospitals.")
财政的——与政府的资金、税收和支出有关的（例如：“政府的财政计划包括提高税收以及增加对医院的投入。”）
budget deficit — when a government spends
预算赤字——指政府支出超过其收入的情况
more than it receives ("The UK faces a budget deficit because the government is spending more than it receives in taxes and other income.")
支出超过了收入（“英国面临预算赤字，因为政府的支出超过了通过税收和其他收入获得的收入。”）
tax avoidance — legally arranging finances to pay less tax ("The company used legal loopholes for tax avoidance,
**避税**——通过合法手段安排财务以减少应缴纳的税款。例如：“该公司利用法律漏洞进行避税。
reducing its bill without breaking the law.")
在不违法的情况下减少自己的账单开支。
tax burden — the amount of tax
税收负担——即所缴纳的税款总额
that people or businesses have to pay ("Higher business rates have increased the tax burden on small shops in Leeds.")
这意味着个人或企业必须支付相应的费用（“更高的商业税率增加了利兹市小型商店的税收负担。”）
national debt — the total amount of money a government owes ("The national debt has grown as the government has borrowed more money year after year.")
国债——是指政府所欠的全部债务金额（“随着政府逐年增加借款，国债规模也在不断扩大。”）
tax relief — a reduction in the amount of tax someone must pay ("Sarah claimed tax relief on her pension contributions,
税收减免——即减少某人所需缴纳的税款金额。例如：“莎拉申请对其养老金缴纳部分的税款进行了减免。
reducing the amount she owed.")
（即减少她所欠的金额。）
balance the budget — to make spending equal to income ("Ministers hope to balance the budget by collecting more tax rather than cutting services.")
实现预算平衡：即使支出与收入相等（“政府希望通过增加税收而非削减公共服务来实现预算平衡。”）
spending cuts — reductions in the amount of money a government spends ("The council's spending cuts mean our swimming pool will close on Sundays.")
支出削减：指政府支出的金额减少（例如：“由于议会通过了支出削减措施，我们的游泳池将在周日停止开放。”）
tax evasion — illegally avoiding paying tax ("The builder was convicted of tax evasion after deliberately hiding cash payments from the tax authorities.")
逃税行为是指非法逃避缴纳税款的行为（例如：“该建筑商因故意向税务机关隐瞒现金支付款项而被判犯有逃税罪。”）
pay down — to reduce a debt
偿还债务（即逐步减少未偿还的债务金额）
by paying part of it ("The government plans to use the extra tax revenue to pay down some of its debt.")
通过支付部分税款来实现这一目标（“政府计划利用额外的税收收入来偿还部分债务。”）
claw back — to take back money
追回款项”（即要求对方退还已经支付的钱）
that has been given or paid ("The council will claw back any grant money that businesses haven't spent on approved improvements.")
那些已经发放或支付的款项（“理事会将追回企业未用于经批准的项目改进工作的任何补助资金。”）
rein in — to control or limit spending more strictly ("Ministers want to rein in spending on consultants before asking taxpayers for more money.")
控制开支”：指更严格地管理或限制支出（例如：“部长们希望在向纳税人征更多税款之前，先控制用于聘请顾问的开支。”）
plough back — to reinvest profits into something ("The council's energy company will plough back its profits into cheaper heating for local homes.")
将利润重新投资于其他项目或用途（例如：“该委员会的能源公司会将利润用于为当地居民提供更便宜的供暖服务。”）
balance out — to make or become equal over time ("Ministers hope higher tax receipts will balance out the extra spending on schools.")
平衡”：指随着时间的推移使各项收支趋于相等（例如：“政府官员希望增加的税收收入能够弥补在学校方面的额外支出。”）
Now let's read a short story using these words.
现在，让我们用这些词语来读一个短故事吧。
On a wet Tuesday in York, Alice opened a council letter announcing that her community kitchen might close.
在约克一个潮湿的周二，爱丽丝收到了一封来自市政部门的信件，信中宣布她所在的社区厨房可能会关闭。
Its annual allocation faced a reduction, and she had six weeks to find another source of funding.
该项目的年度拨款额度面临削减，她有六周的时间来寻找其他资金来源。