Acne basics | Pathophysiology & Treatment | 3D Animation · Dr. Paulien Moyaert
讲解青春痘的形成原理及常见治疗方法，适合练习医学类词汇和皮肤护理相关表达。
Acne is so common that it's considered a normal part of puberty.
痤疮非常普遍，以至于它被视为青春期的一种正常现象。
But knowing that doesn't always make it easier.
不过，即使知道了这些，事情也不一定会因此变得更容易。
So what is acne, and what can you do about it?
那么，什么是痤疮？又该如何应对它呢？
The hair follicles, or pores, in your skin contain sebaceous glands (also called oil glands).
你皮肤中的毛囊（也就是毛孔）内含有皮脂腺（也被称为油脂腺）。
These glands make sebum.
这些腺体能够分泌皮脂。
Normally, the sebum travels through the hair follicles to the skin to lubricate your skin.
通常情况下，皮脂会通过毛囊输送到皮肤表面，从而起到润滑皮肤的作用。
However, skin cells can plug the pores and block the sebum.
然而，皮肤细胞会堵塞毛孔，从而阻碍皮脂的分泌。
When pores become plugged, skin bacteria that generally live on the skin can get trapped inside the pores.
当毛孔被堵塞时，通常存在于皮肤表面的细菌就会滞留在毛孔内部。
The body’s immune system then attacks the bacteria, causing the pain and swelling of a pimple.
人体的免疫系统会攻击这些细菌，从而导致痘痘的出现以及伴随的疼痛和肿胀。
Acne can show up as different types of bumps: A pore that gets clogged, closes, and bulges out from the skin is a whitehead.
痤疮可以表现为多种类型的丘疹：当毛孔被堵塞、闭合后从皮肤表面凸出时，就形成了白头。
Blackheads are simply whiteheads that have opened.
黑头其实就是已经破裂的白头。
When the contents of a whitehead are exposed to air, they darken.
当白头粉刺内的物质暴露在空气中时，它们会变暗。
If the clogged pore gets inflamed, it becomes a pustule.
如果被堵塞的毛孔发生炎症，就会形成脓包。
When a group of pustules cluster together, they form a cyst.
当一群脓疱聚集在一起时，就会形成囊肿。
Over-the-counter creams and rinses might not be enough to manage breakouts.
非处方的药膏和漱口水可能不足以有效控制皮肤痘痘的问题。
Fortunately, doctors can offer a range of tools to combat the condition.
幸运的是，医生们可以提供多种方法来应对这种病症。
Topical retinoid cream is the foundation of acne treatment.
外用维甲酸霜是治疗痤疮的基础药物。
Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that help clear acne by regulating skin cell turnover.
维甲酸类物质属于维生素A的衍生物，它们通过调节皮肤细胞的更新周期来帮助消除痤疮。
Retinoids work from the inside out.
维甲酸类药物的作用机制是从内部开始逐渐发挥效果的。
The retinoic acid seeps into the cell and binds to nuclear receptors, telling these receptors to speed up their turnover process.
视黄酸会渗透到细胞内部，并与核受体结合，从而促使这些受体加快其更新（或代谢）过程。
Not only does increased skin-cell turnover remove a key factor of what causes acne—namely, dead skin cells—but there’s another benefit.
皮肤细胞更新速度的加快不仅能清除导致痤疮的关键因素（即死皮细胞），还能带来另一个好处。
Keeping dead skin cells on the move helps keep pores clear and open, so that other topical acne medications can penetrate effectively.
让死皮细胞不断脱落，有助于保持毛孔的清洁与通畅，从而使其他外用祛痘药物能够有效渗透到皮肤中。
If this is not enough, we can add benzoyl peroxide.
如果这还不够的话，我们还可以添加过氧化苯甲酰。
Benzoyl peroxide is an acid that kills acne-causing bacteria on your skin.
过氧化苯甲酰是一种酸性物质，能够杀死皮肤上导致痤疮的细菌。
In addition, benzoyl peroxide is also anti-inflammatory and comedolytic, meaning it decreases inflammation and opens pores.
此外，过氧化苯甲酰还具有抗炎和溶解粉刺的作用，也就是说它可以减轻炎症并疏通毛孔。
One thing to watch out for with benzoyl peroxide is that it can bleach dark fabrics.
使用过氧化苯甲酰时需要注意的一点是，它可能会使深色织物褪色。
Be sure to apply the benzoyl peroxide after you pull your sweater over your face!
一定要在把毛衣拉到脸上之后再涂抹过氧化苯甲酰！
If this combination is not enough, we’ll add a local antibiotic to the treatment regimen.
如果这种联合治疗方案仍然不够有效，我们会在治疗方案中添加一种局部使用的抗生素。
Antibiotics perform double duty.
抗生素具有双重作用。
They’re definitely after the bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of acne, but we’re mainly using antibiotics for their anti-inflammatory effects.
他们确实是在研究那些与痤疮发病机制相关的细菌，但我们使用抗生素主要是为了利用其抗炎作用。
Antibiotics can be taken orally or topically — but only for a limited time.
抗生素可以通过口服或局部涂抹的方式使用，但使用时间必须受到严格限制。
Oral antibiotics are prescribed if topical antibiotics are ineffective.
如果局部使用的抗生素无效，医生会开具口服抗生素。
Antibiotics should always be combined with benzoyl peroxide to reduce the development of resistant organisms.
抗生素应始终与过氧化苯甲酰联合使用，以降低耐药菌株的出现几率。
And finally, if nothing works, doctors will prescribe an oral retinoid.
最后，如果其他方法都无效的话，医生会开具口服类视黄醇药物进行治疗。
It shrinks your oil glands, preventing pimples and clogged pores.
它能抑制皮脂腺的分泌，从而预防粉刺和毛孔堵塞的问题。
A study showed that 96% of patients demonstrated a complete clearing of their acne, and only 8% experienced a relapse.
一项研究表明，96%的患者痤疮症状完全消失，仅有8%的患者出现了病情复发。
It is one of the only ‘cures’ we have for acne.
这是我们为治疗痤疮所拥有的为数不多的“有效方法”之一。
On a final note, this drug is teratogenic at all therapeutic doses.
最后需要强调的是：这种药物在任何治疗剂量下都具有致畸性（即可能导致胎儿畸形）。
Fetal malformation may occur with only a short period of exposure during pregnancy and has been reported after a single dose.
胎儿畸形可能在孕期仅短暂接触某种物质的情况下发生，甚至有报道称在单次接触该物质后也会出现胎儿畸形的情况。
It is, therefore, extremely important to use contraception while taking this drug.
因此，在服用这种药物期间使用避孕措施至关重要。